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Author Michael Rutter examines the growing pains of the American West through the lens of vigilantes, outlaws, mob violence, and lynchings that occurred between 1840 and 1920, proving that oftentimes our country's democratic progress comes at the cost of physical violence.

"Discusses the history of prostitution in the American West, including: the moral purity movement, madams, Chinese sex trade, prostitutes who followed the railroad, mining camps, and military posts. Offers profiles on 14 prostitutes and madams"--Provided by publisher

The worldwide history of scientific achievements in child and adolescent psychopathology is reviewed from the mid-twentieth century onwards. Attention is drawn, e.g., to diagnostic distinctions, measures of psychopathology, the several roles of epidemiological longitudinal studies, temperament and personality, developmental psychopathology, the use of 'natural experiments' to test causal inferences, environmental risks, the importance of gene–environment interplay, the relative coming together of initially diverse psychological therapies, the use of randomized-controlled trials to assess treatment efficacy, and the value and limitations of pharmacotherapy. The article ends with a look ahead to the most important opportunities and challenges for child and adolescent psychiatry, plus the hazards that need to be avoided.

Abstract Behavioural genetics was initially concerned with partitioning population variance into that due to genetics and that due to environmental influences. The implication was that the two were separate and it was assumed that gene–environment interactions were usually of so little importance that they could safely be ignored. Theoretical considerations suggested that that was unlikely to be true and empirical findings are now accumulating on the demonstrated and replicated biological interactions between identified common single genetic variants and the operation of environmentally mediated risks. The paper outlines the evidence and considers why it is changing concepts in ways that matter.

Explores conceptual & methodological issues involved in using natural experiments to test causal hypotheses. Deciding which research findings should lead to action requires determining the validity of an association &, if valid, examining its causal influence, regardless of whether or not the proposed risk mechanisms are truly the ones that carry the risk or whether they function generally or only in certain situations. The validity of the association is examined in relation to concerns about the representativeness of sampling & the comparability of measurement across groups being contrasted. Special attention is given to the ability of migration designs to pull apart different features of ethnicity. It is contended that research providing evidence of differences in psychological features among ethnic groups has no policy or practice implications without studies to determine what causal mechanisms may be operative. The need to move from viewing ethnic differences as an explanation to seeing them as a starting point for further investigation is examined. The close relationship of this situation with other risk indices is pointed out. References. J. Lindroth