Suchergebnisse

The communication practices in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania are examined in the article using one draft letter as an example. This draft, which can be described as absolutely anti-Moscow by the meaning, was written in 1526 in the court of a Lithuanian nobleman Jerzy Radziwiłł († 1541) (Lithuanian: Jurgis Radvila; Belarusian: Юрый Радзівіл; Russian: Юрий Радзивилл). In the draft, Jerzy Radziwiłł expresses his opinion to Sigismund I the Old, the Grand Duke of Lithuania, regarding the reasons why the coronation of Grand Prince of Moscow by the hands of Pope Clement VII must be prevented. The research has revealed the contribution of the nobleman and his private scribes to the preparation and sending of the final version of the letter to the addressee.

The communication practices in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania are examined in the article using one draft letter as an example. This draft, which can be described as absolutely anti-Moscow by the meaning, was written in 1526 in the court of a Lithuanian nobleman Jerzy Radziwiłł († 1541) (Lithuanian: Jurgis Radvila; Belarusian: Юрый Радзівіл; Russian: Юрий Радзивилл). In the draft, Jerzy Radziwiłł expresses his opinion to Sigismund I the Old, the Grand Duke of Lithuania, regarding the reasons why the coronation of Grand Prince of Moscow by the hands of Pope Clement VII must be prevented. The research has revealed the contribution of the nobleman and his private scribes to the preparation and sending of the final version of the letter to the addressee.

A thorough analysis of approximately one hundred unpublished and about seventy published letters written by Lithuanian noblemen and the Grand Duke of Lithuania led to a conclusion that there were three distinct types of letters. They represent correspondence between socially unequal as well as equal individuals. The external structure of a letter does not indicate the social differences between the addresser and the addressee. On the one hand, the external structure of a letter did not represent the addressers themselves; first of all, it was relevant for the intermediaries who confirmed the authenticity of the letters, registered the correspondence, and handed in the letters. On the other hand, the format of the seal is not a reliable indicator as well. The Lithuanian nobility, when communicating amongst themselves, sealed their letters with signets, while in correspondences with foreign countries they normally used larger seals. The Salutation (Latin:salutatio) is the element of a letter's internal structure that is essential for understanding the power and status relation between an addresser and an addressee. Only "partners" of equal status informed each other on their health conditions or asked about each other's well-being. ; Straipsnyje analizuojamas rusėniškų laiškų vidinis ir išorinis (voko) formuliaras Lietuvos Didžiojoje Kunigaikštystėje ankstyvaisiais naujaisiais laikais. Remiantis maždaug 100 nepublikuotų ir apie 70 publikuotų Lietuvos kilmingųjų ir valdovo laiškų analize, buvo išskirtos trys laiškų grupės, kurios reprezentuoja žemesnio, aukštesnio ir lygiaverčio statuso asmenų korespondenciją.

A thorough analysis of approximately one hundred unpublished and about seventy published letters written by Lithuanian noblemen and the Grand Duke of Lithuania led to a conclusion that there were three distinct types of letters. They represent correspondence between socially unequal as well as equal individuals. The external structure of a letter does not indicate the social differences between the addresser and the addressee. On the one hand, the external structure of a letter did not represent the addressers themselves; first of all, it was relevant for the intermediaries who confirmed the authenticity of the letters, registered the correspondence, and handed in the letters. On the other hand, the format of the seal is not a reliable indicator as well. The Lithuanian nobility, when communicating amongst themselves, sealed their letters with signets, while in correspondences with foreign countries they normally used larger seals. The Salutation (Latin: salutatio) is the element of a letter's internal structure that is essential for understanding the power and status relation between an addresser and an addressee. Only "partners" of equal status informed each other on their health conditions or asked about each other's well-being.

A thorough analysis of approximately one hundred unpublished and about seventy published letters written by Lithuanian noblemen and the Grand Duke of Lithuania led to a conclusion that there were three distinct types of letters. They represent correspondence between socially unequal as well as equal individuals. The external structure of a letter does not indicate the social differences between the addresser and the addressee. On the one hand, the external structure of a letter did not represent the addressers themselves; first of all, it was relevant for the intermediaries who confirmed the authenticity of the letters, registered the correspondence, and handed in the letters. On the other hand, the format of the seal is not a reliable indicator as well. The Lithuanian nobility, when communicating amongst themselves, sealed their letters with signets, while in correspondences with foreign countries they normally used larger seals. The Salutation (Latin: salutatio) is the element of a letter's internal structure that is essential for understanding the power and status relation between an addresser and an addressee. Only "partners" of equal status informed each other on their health conditions or asked about each other's well-being.

The thesis analyzes the treason of Grand Duke of Lithuanian as a political crime. It reconstructs the history of treason in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) from 13th till the middle of 16th century and reveals the daily and exceptional phenomena of legal culture with regard to this crime. Analyzing how the concept of treason developed in GDL the local (used in the GDL) terminology associated with treason is discussed. In order to capture the circumstances in which the crime of treason emerged, the thesis presents an analysis of the phenomenon of deserting the country, as well as internal and external factors that led to the emergence crime of treason. The legal definition of the concept of treason is studied in two ways. First, analysis of the concept up to the First Statute of Lithuania (FSL) is presented. Second, the sources of norms for treason defined by the FSL are revealed. The second part of the thesis presents the daily and exceptional phenomena of the crime of treason: accusations of treason as a mechanism for political control, court proceedings for those on trial for treason, the ritual of execution and the process of exculpation and rehabilitation.

The thesis analyzes the treason of Grand Duke of Lithuanian as a political crime. It reconstructs the history of treason in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) from 13th till the middle of 16th century and reveals the daily and exceptional phenomena of legal culture with regard to this crime. Analyzing how the concept of treason developed in GDL the local (used in the GDL) terminology associated with treason is discussed. In order to capture the circumstances in which the crime of treason emerged, the thesis presents an analysis of the phenomenon of deserting the country, as well as internal and external factors that led to the emergence crime of treason. The legal definition of the concept of treason is studied in two ways. First, analysis of the concept up to the First Statute of Lithuania (FSL) is presented. Second, the sources of norms for treason defined by the FSL are revealed. The second part of the thesis presents the daily and exceptional phenomena of the crime of treason: accusations of treason as a mechanism for political control, court proceedings for those on trial for treason, the ritual of execution and the process of exculpation and rehabilitation.

The thesis analyzes the treason of Grand Duke of Lithuanian as a political crime. It reconstructs the history of treason in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) from 13th till the middle of 16th century and reveals the daily and exceptional phenomena of legal culture with regard to this crime. Analyzing how the concept of treason developed in GDL the local (used in the GDL) terminology associated with treason is discussed. In order to capture the circumstances in which the crime of treason emerged, the thesis presents an analysis of the phenomenon of deserting the country, as well as internal and external factors that led to the emergence crime of treason. The legal definition of the concept of treason is studied in two ways. First, analysis of the concept up to the First Statute of Lithuania (FSL) is presented. Second, the sources of norms for treason defined by the FSL are revealed. The second part of the thesis presents the daily and exceptional phenomena of the crime of treason: accusations of treason as a mechanism for political control, court proceedings for those on trial for treason, the ritual of execution and the process of exculpation and rehabilitation.

The thesis analyzes the treason of Grand Duke of Lithuanian as a political crime. It reconstructs the history of treason in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) from 13th till the middle of 16th century and reveals the daily and exceptional phenomena of legal culture with regard to this crime. Analyzing how the concept of treason developed in GDL the local (used in the GDL) terminology associated with treason is discussed. In order to capture the circumstances in which the crime of treason emerged, the thesis presents an analysis of the phenomenon of deserting the country, as well as internal and external factors that led to the emergence crime of treason. The legal definition of the concept of treason is studied in two ways. First, analysis of the concept up to the First Statute of Lithuania (FSL) is presented. Second, the sources of norms for treason defined by the FSL are revealed. The second part of the thesis presents the daily and exceptional phenomena of the crime of treason: accusations of treason as a mechanism for political control, court proceedings for those on trial for treason, the ritual of execution and the process of exculpation and rehabilitation.

The article analyses the circumstances that has made way for the emergence of a definition of high treason in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The research indicated, that the terms set out by the Grand Duke of Lithuania defining high treason did not emerge in local resources until the beginning of the 15th century. This leads to the presumption, that the high treason definition did not exist in the society of pagan Lithuania. Of course consuetudinary norms did exist in pagan Lithuania. For example, insulting the Grand Duke was defined as the first part of the crime of high treason. It goes without saying, because the definition of high treason is a political crime par excellence aimed directly at the monarch (government) and its authority. The research also showed the potential emergence scenario of such a crime in Lithuania. Initially Vytautas, the Grand Duke of Lithuania, was accused internationally of committing high treason against the Teutonic order. Only after this occurred did Vytautas start to use the concept of high treason towards a monarch as a political weapon in international relations. The first known traitor was Vytautas' comrade-in-arms, brother of order and komtur of Brandenburg, Markvard Zalcbach.

The article analyses the circumstances that has made way for the emergence of a definition of high treason in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The research indicated, that the terms set out by the Grand Duke of Lithuania defining high treason did not emerge in local resources until the beginning of the 15th century. This leads to the presumption, that the high treason definition did not exist in the society of pagan Lithuania. Of course consuetudinary norms did exist in pagan Lithuania. For example, insulting the Grand Duke was defined as the first part of the crime of high treason. It goes without saying, because the definition of high treason is a political crime par excellence aimed directly at the monarch (government) and its authority. The research also showed the potential emergence scenario of such a crime in Lithuania. Initially Vytautas, the Grand Duke of Lithuania, was accused internationally of committing high treason against the Teutonic order. Only after this occurred did Vytautas start to use the concept of high treason towards a monarch as a political weapon in international relations. The first known traitor was Vytautas' comrade-in-arms, brother of order and komtur of Brandenburg, Markvard Zalcbach.