Suchergebnisse

El principio de solidaridad energética ha sido elevado por el TJUE a principio vinculante. La cuestión que se plantea es cómo se encajará ahora este principio vinculante en el ordenamiento jurídico. Aunque es encomiable que el principio de solidaridad se haya introducido como principio vinculante, podría decirse que plantea más preguntas que respuestas. ¿Cómo se evaluará el principio de solidaridad en casos futuros? ¿Es extrapolable a otros ámbitos del derecho?... La presente anotación presenta una visión general del asunto C-848/19 entre Alemania y Polonia relativo al gasoducto OPAL. En primer lugar, se expone el contexto del procedimiento, explicando brevemente el camino recorrido para llegar al TJUE. En segundo lugar, se comentará la decisión, centrándose en el principio de solidaridad energética. El punto central del comentario será la calificación por parte del TJUE del principio de solidaridad energética como vinculante. Además, se criticará la forma en que el principio ha sido interpretado y aclarado por el TJUE. Por último, en la anotación se analizarán también las consecuencias de la sentencia. Esta parte no sólo se centra en los aspectos jurídicos, sino que también aborda las consecuencias políticas y prácticas que la sentencia traerá consigo.

WWI has been among the most important events in the history of Poland. After many years of submission, Poles regained the much coveted freedom and were able to establish an independent country. The question arises if this significant historical fact was reflected in the names of streets, alleys, squares or housing estates of Polish cities. The purpose of this article provides a response to the question. Another important issue is a definition ofthe types of names commemorating this significant historical event.

This paper presents the design procedure for a gear wheel-shaft direct frictional joint. The small difference between the operating pitch diameter of the gear and the mounting diameter of the frictional joint is the key feature of the connection. The contact surface of the frictional joint must be placed outside the bottom land of the gear, and the geometry of the joint is limited to the specific type of solutions.The strength analysis is based on the relation between the torque and statistical load intensity of the gear transmission. Several dimensionless parameters are introduced to simplify the calculations. Stress-strain verifying analysis with respect to combined loading, the condition of appropriate load-carrying capacity of the frictional joint and the fatigue strength of the shaft are applied to obtain the relations between the dimensions of the joint and other parameters. The final engineering solution may then be suggested. The approach is illustrated by a numerical example.The proposed procedure can be useful in design projects for small, high-powered modern reducers and new-generation geared motors, in particular when manufactured in various series of types.

To provide a comprehensive analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 sequence diversity in Poland in the European context. All publicly available (n = 115; GISAID database) whole-genome SARS-Cov-2 sequences from Polish samples, including those obtained during coronavirus testing performed in our COVID-19 Lab, were examined. Multiple sequence alignment of Polish isolates, phylogenetic analysis (ML tree), and multidimensional scaling (based on the pairwise DNA distances) were complemented by the comparison of the coronavirus clades frequency and diversity in the subset of over 5000 European GISAID sequences. Approximately seventy-seven percent of isolates in the European dataset carried frequent and ubiquitously found haplotypes; the remaining haplotype diversity was population-specific and resulted from population-specific mutations, homoplasies, and recombinations. Coronavirus strains circulating in Poland represented the variability found in other European countries. The prevalence of clades circulating in Poland was shifted in favor of GR, both in terms of the diversity (number of distinct haplotypes) and the frequency (number of isolates) of the clade. Polish-specific haplotypes were rare and could be explained by changes affecting common European strains. The analysis of the whole viral genomes allowed detection of several tight clusters of isolates, presumably reflecting local outbreaks. New mutations, homoplasies, and, to a smaller extent, recombinations increase SARS-CoV-2 haplotype diversity, but the majority of these variants do not increase in frequency and remains rare and population-specific. The spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 haplotypes in the Polish dataset reflects many independent transfers from a variety of sources, followed by many local outbreaks. The prevalence of the sequences belonging to the GR clade among Polish isolates is consistent with the European trend of the GR clade frequency increase.

The preliminary report covered the results of the fieldwork conducted in Soba (Sudan, Khartoum State) in 2021-2022. It includes a general description of the idea behind the project as well as results of geophysical surveys, archaeological excavations, pottery studies, analysis of macro organic remains and stone tools, ethnological research, and training program.