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Standardized tests comparing nations, schools and students have become a focus of public interest and a basis for educational reform efforts around the world. High stakes testing (HST) is a specific approach to reform based on applying rewards and sanctions contingent on attained performance on such tests. HST thus represents a motivational strategy to improve educational outcomes. Herein we discuss the relations of HST to the theoretical positions of behaviorism, achievement goal theories, and, most centrally, self-determination Theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985). We examine the degree to which each perspective would endorse HST as an approach to motivating teachers and students, and what the theories predict in terms of consequences. We then review recent empirical studies of the effects of HST-based interventions in the United States, where that type of reform strategy is flourishing, and compare these emerging results with theoretical predictions. We conclude that HST, because it is a Controlling, extrinsicform of motivating teachers and students, offen raises targeted test scores while producing a number of unintended negative consequences. These include narrowing of curricula, excessive focus on test preparation, increasing dropout rates and poor generalization of test score gains to other measures of learning and achievement. We conclude by discussing how motivation theory can better inform educational policy, with an emphasis on the self-determination theory viewpoint. (DIPF/Orig.) ; Der Einsatz standardisierter Tests zur vergleichenden Erhebung von Schulleistungen auf Länder-, Schul- und Schülerebene steht zunehmend im Zentrum des öffentlichen Interesses und liefert die Grundlage für pädagogische Reformbemühungen in der gesamten Welt. High Stakes Testing (HST) ist ein spezifischer Reformansatz, der die Vergabe von Belohnungen und Sanktionen an die Ergebnisse in solchen Vergleichstests bindet. HST ist somit eine Motivationsstrategie zur Verbesserung pädagogischer Zielvariablen. In dieser Arbeit wird das Verhältnis von HST zu behavioristisch orientierten Theorien, Theorien motivationaler Zielorientierungen und insbesondere der Selbstbestimmungstheorie (Deci und Ryan, 1985) untersucht. Es wird herausgearbeitet, welche Konsequenzen HST aus Sicht der verschiedenen Theorien haben sollte. Anschließend wird ein Überblick über empirische Studien aus Amerika (wo HST zurzeit äußerst populär ist) gegeben, die die Wirkung von HST überprüft haben. Aus dem Vergleich der Ergebnisse mit den theoretischen Vorhersagen werden die folgenden Schlüsse gezogen: HST ist eine stark kontrollierende, extrinsische Motivierungsstrategie, die zwar oft die gewünschten Wirkungen hat, gleichzeitig aber auch eine Reihe unerwünschter Nebenwirkungen zeigt. Hierzu zählen die Einengung der Lehrpläne, eine übertriebene Fokussierung auf das Einüben der Testinhalte, zunehmende Dropout-Raten und die unzureichende Generalisierbarkeit der Effekte auf andere Lern- und Leistungsmaße. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden abschließend Möglichkeiten der Einbeziehung von Motivationstheorien - insbesondere der Selbstbestimmungstheorie - in bildungspolitische Reformbemühungen diskutiert. (ZPID)

I: Background -- 1. An Introduction -- 2. Conceptualizations of Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination -- II: Self-Determination Theory -- 3. Cognitive Evaluation Theory: Perceived Causality and Perceived Competence -- 4. Cognitive Evaluation Theory: Interpersonal Communication and Intrapersonal Regulation -- 5. Toward an Organismic Integration Theory: Motivation and Development -- 6. Causality Orientations Theory: Personality Influences on Motivation -- III: Alternative Approaches -- 7. Operant and Attributional Theories -- 8. Information-Processing Theories -- IV: Applications and Implications -- 9. Education -- 10. Psychotherapy -- 11. Work -- 12. Sports -- References -- Author Index.

An effective response to crises like the COVID-19 pandemic is dependent on the public voluntarily adhering to governmental rules and guidelines. How the guidelines are communicated can significantly affect whether people will experience a sense of self-initiation and volition, protecting compliance from eroding. From the perspective of Self-Determination Theory, a broad theory on human motivation and its interpersonal determinants, effective communication involves the delicate combination of providing rules and structure in a caring and autonomy-supportive way. Research in applied domains from public messaging to education and health has shown that when social agents set limits in more autonomy-supportive, caring, and competence-fostering ways, it predicts autonomous forms of compliance, which in turn predict greater adherence and long-term persistence. Building on SDT, integrated with insights from social identity theory, we derive a practice-focused checklist with key communication guidelines to foster voluntary compliance in national crises such as the prevention of COVID-19 spread. ; Peer reviewed

An effective response to crises like the COVID-19 pandemic is dependent on the public voluntarily adhering to governmental rules and guidelines. How the guidelines are communicated can significantly affect whether people will experience a sense of self-initiation and volition, protecting compliance from eroding. From the perspective of Self-Determination Theory, a broad theory on human motivation and its interpersonal determinants, effective communication involves the delicate combination of providing rules and structure in a caring and autonomy-supportive way. Research in applied domains from public messaging to education and health has shown that when social agents set limits in more autonomy-supportive, caring, and competence-fostering ways, it predicts autonomous forms of compliance, which in turn predict greater adherence and long-term persistence. Building on SDT, integrated with insights from social identity theory, we derive a practice-focused checklist with key communication guidelines to foster voluntary compliance in national crises such as the prevention of COVID-19 spread.

An effective response to crises like the COVID-19 pandemic is dependent on the public voluntarily adhering to governmental rules and guidelines. How the guidelines are communicated can significantly affect whether people will experience a sense of self-initiation and volition, protecting compliance from eroding. From the perspective of Self-Determination Theory, a broad theory on human motivation and its interpersonal determinants, effective communication involves the delicate combination of providing rules and structure in a caring and autonomy-supportive way. Research in applied domains from public messaging to education and health has shown that when social agents set limits in more autonomy-supportive, caring, and competence-fostering ways, it predicts autonomous forms of compliance, which in turn predict greater adherence and long-term persistence. Building on SDT, integrated with insights from social identity theory, we derive a practice-focused checklist with key communication guidelines to foster voluntary compliance in national crises such as the prevention of COVID-19 spread. ; Peer reviewed

AbstractAnchored in self‐determination theory (SDT), we used a sample of 310 Japanese father‐child dyads (fathers Mage = 47.95; children Mage = 14.98, 50% female), to investigate: (a) the structure of aspirations in a Japanese sample, (b) the association between fathers' own intrinsic and extrinsic aspirations and the aspirations reported by their adolescent children, (c) the links between child‐reported father autonomy support and children's self‐ reported aspirations, and (d) the associations between fathers' own and children's own aspirations and the basic psychological needs satisfaction of both fathers and children. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated acceptable fit for the theorized model of intrinsic and extrinsic aspirations specified by SDT. Correlation analysis revealed positive associations between the aspirations of fathers' and those endorsed by their children, which were not moderated by father's autonomy support. Actor‐partner interdependence modeling indicated that when fathers were relatively intrinsic in their orientations, basic psychological need satisfaction was higher for both themselves and their children. These findings highlight the relevance of intrinsic and extrinsic aspirations to the well‐being of youth and the interplay between fathers' and children's aspirations, suggesting that both fathers' intrinsic aspirations and parenting styles are associated with children's basic psychological needs satisfaction.

AbstractThree studies examine people's willingness to rely on others for emotional support. We propose that emotional reliance (ER) is typically beneficial to well‐being. However, due to differing socialization and norms, ER is also expected to differ across gender and cultures. Further, following a self‐determination theory perspective, we hypothesize that ER is facilitated by social partners who support one's psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Results from the studies supported the view that ER is generally associated with greater well‐being and that it varies significantly across different relationships, cultural groups, and gender. Within‐person variations in ER were systematically related to levels of need satisfaction within specific relationships, over and above between‐person differences. The discussion focuses on the adaptive value and dynamics of ER.

Promoting the use of contact tracing technology will be an important step in global recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. Across two studies, we assessed two messaging strategies as motivators of intended contact tracing uptake. In one sample of 1117 Australian adults and one sample of 888 American adults, we examined autonomy-supportive and controlling message framing and the presence or absence of information safety as predictors of intended contact tracing application uptake, using an online randomized 2 × 2 experimental design. The results suggested that the provision of data safety assurances may be key in affecting people's intentions to use contact tracing technology, an effect we found in both samples regardless of whether messages were framed as autonomy-supportive or controlling. Those in high information safety conditions consistently reported higher intended uptake and more positive perceptions of the application than those in low information safety conditions. In Study 2, we also found that perceptions of government legitimacy related positively to intended application uptake, as did political affiliation. In sum, individuals appeared more willing to assent to authority regarding contact tracing insofar as their data safety can be assured. Yet, public messaging strategies alone may be insufficient to initiate intentions to change behavior, even in these unprecedented circumstances.

Promoting the use of contact tracing technology will be an important step in global recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. Across two studies, we assessed two messaging strategies as motivators of intended contact tracing uptake. In one sample of 1117 Australian adults and one sample of 888 American adults, we examined autonomy-supportive and controlling message framing and the presence or absence of information safety as predictors of intended contact tracing application uptake, using an online randomized 2 × 2 experimental design. The results suggested that the provision of data safety assurances may be key in affecting people's intentions to use contact tracing technology, an effect we found in both samples regardless of whether messages were framed as autonomy-supportive or controlling. Those in high information safety conditions consistently reported higher intended uptake and more positive perceptions of the application than those in low information safety conditions. In Study 2, we also found that perceptions of government legitimacy related positively to intended application uptake, as did political affiliation. In sum, individuals appeared more willing to assent to authority regarding contact tracing insofar as their data safety can be assured. Yet, public messaging strategies alone may be insufficient to initiate intentions to change behavior, even in these unprecedented circumstances.

We investigated how satisfaction of the basic psychological needs at work was associated with the psychological and physical wellbeing of Indigenous and non-Indigenous employees both within and outside of the workplace. Participants included 1,146 Indigenous ( n = 559) and non-Indigenous Australians (60.9% female), aged 18 to 81 years ( Mage = 43.54) who were recruited through their employer or online advertisements. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to analyse the data, and Indigenous status and occupation type were investigated as moderators. Results revealed that independent of income, autonomy satisfaction was related to better physical and psychological health, satisfaction of the need for relatedness was associated with increased family and community thriving, and competence satisfaction was linked to decreased psychological distress. Results also showed that autonomy, competence, and relatedness need satisfaction was lower among Indigenous employees compared to non-Indigenous employees. Moderation analyses suggested that relatedness at work was especially important for non-Indigenous employees' connection with their community, as were high levels of competence satisfaction for Indigenous employees. These findings are discussed in the context of self-determination theory and the implications for organizations wanting to improve the wellbeing of their Indigenous and non-Indigenous workforce.