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The article reviews the origin of American press as an essential idea in genesis of the state power. The author demonstrates a strong correlation between domestic policy and evolutionary changes in local press, also analyzes the key events in chronicle order: printing the first paper "Publick Occurrences", the Trial of Zenger, consequences of the Stamp Act and the acting of "Sons of Liberty". The conclusion is made that American press is one of the most influential moments in organizing the national democratic liberation movement over the British Empire, which could not stop or assume control of expansion in the number of printing offices. The article states that the most important factor which leads colonies to unite is the fight against the Stamp Act. It is gone through in attempts to regulate the press and overcome the budget deficit, generated by The Seven Years' War. As a result American press becomes the main attribute in the American Revolution.

In the article some aspects of social service of the Russian Orthodox Church from the end of xIx century to the beginning of xx century are under research: discussion on the research of history of the social service of the Orthodox Church in the historiography of the xx century, the general levels of the social service on the example of the Ryazan eparchy in the same period. The author stresses that the social service of The Orthodox Church in that period got realized in unselfish and unpaid social activity.

The article is devoted to the issues of qualification of road traffic and vehicle operation offences. The author substantiates that an analysis of judicial practice in such category of crim-inal cases in terms of understanding the reasons for acquittals pronounced by the court determines the issues of classification of road traffic and vehicle operation offences. The author generalizes new evidence on the topic in question, such as data from official judicial statistics from 2018 to 2022, cases from court practice since 2018, and studies of Russian authors since 2014. The author analyzes the available points of view in the literature as well as materials of judicial practice, identifies law enforcement issues arising in the qualification, and establishes proposals for a law executor for each identified issue.

The article deals with the study of the ideas, themes, plot and style of the novels Italian Letters and St. Leon by English writer, journalist, and political philosopher William Godwin. It contains a comparative analysis of the aforementioned works conducted with the aim of defining the main ways of the author's worldview and style development and deeper study of little-known early novels by W. Godwin. The author comes to a conclusion that the two novels possess a considerable likeness, which proves the succession of ideas present in early and later works of the writer. At the same time, the differences in genre, diverse approaches to character development, changes in the author's position on the main sources of human motivation indicate a progressive and consistent development of philosophical and socio-political views of the author. The research appears to be topical as there is a clear need for deeper investigation into Godwin's work and determining the role and place of his novels in the world literary process from Enlightenment to Romanticism. The novelty and originality of the research consist not only in studying little-known early works by Godwin but also in using complex analytical method to investigate various theoretical, historical, and literary aspect of his works. This allows broadening the field of study of the 18th century British literature. The practical value of the research is that its results can be used in courses on international literature and theory of translation. The article makes use of the works devoted to William Godwin's works, including the articles by M. Alekseev, A. Bondarev, V. Reshetov, B. S. Allen, P. Clemit, E. O'Brien, H. Stark, B. Turner, M. Hindle, M. Philp.

The paper considers cognitive aspects of phraseological meaning formation. The research aims at identifying the role of metaphorical and metonymic transference in the process of phraseologization. The authors single out three levels of phraseologization according to the degree of semantic shift. At the first level, individual words within a phraseological unit are subject to metaphorical/metonymic transference. The principle of conceptual compositionality determines the contribution of each component in the phraseological unit to the resultant meaning. The second level of phraseologization is characterized by a figurative reinterpretation of a free word combination. The principle of conceptual integration enables to explain the development of a phraseological meaning through the interaction between the meaning of the phraseological prototype, the image it produces, extralinguistic knowledge and metaphorical/metonymic transference. At the third level, semantic shift affects a phraseological unit. The meaning of the phraseologism, extralinguistic knowledge, the corresponding image and metaphorical/metonymic transference interact on the principle of conceptual integration. The analysis undertaken has revealed that polysemantic phraseological units are formed either when different concepts are simultaneously activated in the semantic structures of their components, or as a result of a successive development of one phraseological meaning from another. The article justifies distinguishing such a sphere of language study as cognitive phraseology.

В статье кратко рассмотрены процессы трансформации военно-педагогической мысли во взаимосвязи с историей развития системы военного образования в России с древнейших времен до настоящего времени.

В статье рассмотрена социальная реклама СССР, направленная на решение задач, не теряющих актуальности и в современных условиях. К их числу можно отнести проблемы социальной защиты материнства и детства. Автором проанализированы информационные плакаты в годы Великой Отечественной войны и в послевоенный период. В работе отмечено, что в годы Великой Отечественной войны бойцов Красной Армии призывали защитить своих близких и государство обещало поддержать семьи защитников Родины, а в послевоенный период актуальной темой стали профилактика сиротства, профессиональная самореализация женщины, налаживание мирной жизни и строительство социального государства. ; Soviet social advertising aimed at solving problems that do not lose their relevance in modern conditions are examined in the article. The issues of social protection of motherhood and childhood might be considered as such. The Great Patriotic War and post-war informative posters are analysed in the article. The work notes that during The Great Patriotic War the soldiers of Red Army were called upon for the protection of their loved ones and the government promised to support their families, yet during post-war period the topics of orphanage prevention, woman's professional self-fulfillment, peace time rearranging and erection of social welfare state became relevant.