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The article analyzes tendencies and consequences of labor migration in Russia and the Eurasian Economic Community Member-States; estimations of the number of official and illegal labor migrants are given. The problems which employers meet while trying to register labor migrants in Russia are considered. Issues of state regulation of labor migration in Eurasian Economic Community Member-States and Russia are outlined.

This article examines migration from Central Asian countries to Russia and Kazakhstan in the context of integration processes within the EAEU. There exist large and stable migration corridors between Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan, on the one hand, and Russia and Kazakhstan, on the other. Migration from these countries to Russia and Kazakhstan, which is second in scale only to migration from Mexico to the United States, has serious political, social, economic, and demographic impacts both on the migrants' native countries and on the countries they come to. People seeking work abroad make up the bulk of this human stream. However, labor migration becomes intertwined with, or transformed into, other forms of cross-border movements such as moving abroad for permanent residence or for marrying a foreign citizen. Quite often, going to Russia or Kazakhstan to work ends up in permanent residence in one of those countries. Many workers from Central Asia have become citizens of Russia or Kazakhstan, which means that they have become successfully integrated into the societies of the two countries. © 2017, CA and CC Press AB. All rights reserved.

The article examines the problems of diasporization and defines the con-cept of "modern diaspora." The formation of large diasporas from Central Asian countries is the result of prolonged and large-scale migration from that region to Russia. Migration acts as a kind of catalyst for change in the ethnic composition of the population. Social networks are an additional "pull" factor for those who want to leave their country in search of work. Diasporas have significant socioeconomic resources and can influence decision-making in the area of government regulation, as well as socioeconomic processes. There is a direct relationship between the scale of migration and the size of the diaspora, that is, the choice of destination for emigrants is largely determined by the development level and size of the diaspora. On the one hand, diasporas are actors that help migrants to adapt to the new conditions and integrate into the host society, serving as a buffer between the migrants and the local population, and on the other hand, they help to form ethnic enclaves with an ethnic economy in areas with a high concentration of migrants. The article also notes that for the successful integration of migrants in Russia, it is necessary to harmonize industrial relations by improving working conditions and remuneration, to improve the system for the legal protection of migrants, simplify the procedure for acquiring citizenship and make it more transparent. © 2017, CA and CC Press AB. All rights reserved.

In the last few years, migration, as a phenomenon of the globalizing world, has become more active and much more prominent in all spheres of social life. It has gained even more prominence in the context of the geopolitical changes to become a global phenomenon. This is true of labor migration from China to the countries of the Customs Union, unfolding in the context of the global financial and economic crisis. Chinese migration can be described as one of the important factors that affect the social, economic and, probably, demographic development of these countries in the long-term perspective. Here we have proceeded from the fact that the demographic situation and main migration processes are the important elements of everyday life and politics of contemporary China, the impact of which is not limited to China, the development of its neighbors being affected as well.1 In the future, these processes will become some of the factors to be considered in the relationship between China and its closest neighbors. Today, the steady growth of Chinese uncontrolled migration is responsible for the worsening standards of living in the host countries; it exacerbates the problems created by the equally steady growth of protest sentiments among the local population. To downplay the negative effects of Chinese migration and the protest sentiments it stirs up, China and Kazakhstan, fully aware of mutual synergy of their economics and mainly identical interests in the world, adopted a joint Strategy of Cooperation for the 21st Century that outlined the main directions of their strategic partnership. It was for the first time that the top officials discussed the problem of Chinese workforce illegally brought into Kazakhstan by Chinese oil and gas companies, working in the Aktobe Region in Western Kazakhstan, and the mass protests stirred up by these practices.Today, migration can be described as one of the main factors that directly affect economy, culture, nationalities policy, ethnic and international relations. Migration can no longer be described as a socioeconomic phenomenon-it is gradually acquiring political dimensions. This means that to maintain national and regional security, the interconnections between the political processes and migration, and the nature and directions of their interaction should be carefully studied and understood. © 2017, CA and CC Press AB. All rights reserved.

Drug-related crime is a very special kind of the professional criminal activity of the highly organized and well-conspired narco-Trafficking groups with international contacts, corrupted relations and officials and dealing with the drug trafficking for the systematical maximizing of the income. A look will be taken at the factors and the special features of the drug-related crimes in China. And at the factors and the special features of the drug-related crimes that happen in Japan. It is a well-known fact that the efficiency of the Asia Pacific region (APR) legislation on criminal offenses is impressive, wich includes its application in the drug-related crime spectrum. China, Japan and other countries of APR are the countries that still widely apply the institution of the death penalty and the life imprisonment, on the other hand the European countries, including Russia, harmonize the legislation of the countries trying to change their politics and use mainly the humane forms of punishment. Despite the fact that the Asia Pacific region criminal legislation regularly implements the reforms aimed at socio-economic and political development of the country, drug-related crimes are still at a high level that's needs to be lowered quitea bit, and the number of these crimes continues to grow and it poses a very serious threat not only to APR but also to other countries of the whole world. There should be a promotion of the healthy lifestyle including physical training and sports aimed at the formation of negative attitude to drug addiction in society should be primarily oriented to the younger generations. The Reforms in the legislative activaty in the sphere of the drug-related crime scene should be implemented regularly and not only within the country but also comprehensively on a worldwide basis with consideration for the specific features that legislation in neighboring region will have.

Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, international migration was a global process with multilateral population movements between states. Migration provided countries with significant opportunities for development, providing an influx of intellectual capital, labor, and financial resources. For example, in some developing countries, remittances from migrant workers have been comparable to, and in recent years even exceeded, FDI and aid. According to the UN in 2020, every seventh inhabitant of the Earth was a migrant. In fact, migration has become a global factor in the development of societies and economies. The COVID-19 pandemic has made significant adjustments to international migration, and has also significantly transformed both international and national labor markets. In relation to the international labor market, the pandemic can be seen as a negative externality, and the result of its negative impact was the failure of the economy in general and the labor market in particular. The failure of the labor market was expressed in the instability of supply and demand, which led to a change in working conditions and employment, an increase in structural imbalances in terms of compensation for work and the distribution of labor resources across sectors of the economy, as well as a decrease in the importance of professional forms of organization of the workforce. With regard to the processes of international migration, one can state the formation of the phenomenon of the "post-COVID syndrome", which refers to the restoration of the scale of migration flows after a pandemic, accompanied by a transformation of the factors and structure of migration. Due to the high importance of migration flows for national economies and the world economy, these changes will be able to significantly transform the international and national labor markets, in which migrants occupied significant niches. In this regard, the issue of monitoring and improving the mechanisms for managing migration in crisis and post-COVID conditions at the international and national levels is being updated.

Until the 1960s, Finland was more often the country of origin than the country of destination. Once a depressed area, it soon turned into a welfare state, becoming with international migrants. Since Finland's labour market and society are beset with demographic problems, the country gladly accepts labour migrants, particularly those from neighbouring states. Most EU immigrants coming to Finland are Estonians. Immigration from without the EU - from Russia and other former Soviet countries - has, however, an even greater potential. Non-EU immigration falls into several categories - from seasonal labour migration to the relocation of top specialists and entrepreneurs. Currently, family reunions, marriages, and student and labour migration account for most migration from Russia to Finland. This article attempts to study immigration to Finland from neighbouring countries, primarily from Russia. The result of the study is an analysis of principal channels of international migration to Finland. These are family reunion, student migration, top specialist relocation, and the expansion of Russian business. Finland is in dire need of healthcare specialists, researchers, business development and IT specialists, and other professionals. For example, Russia-bordering Finnish regions lack upper and middle-level healthcare specialists. The focus of the study is on the professional and socio-demographic structure of labour migration to Finland and the country's migration policy on the adaptation and integration of Russian-speaking immigrants. The article gives a general picture of Finland's migration policy on labour migration from Russia and other countries. In collecting and processing materials, data from official websites of Finland's Migration Service and Employment Service, the database of Statistics Finland, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, and the Finnish National Agency for Education were used.

Attracting compatriots living abroad is strategically vital in the context of continuing depopulation in Russia. However, a multilayered definition of the category of a compatriot creates blurred boundaries. As a result, it is somewhat problematic to assess the number of Russian compatriots living abroad objectively. The paper presents the results of a study of the socio-demographic structure of the Russian-speaking population in far-abroad countries. The statistical data of Rosstat, the UN, Eurostat, OECD, and national statistical services of foreign countries were analyzed to assess the number of Russian-speaking populations and determine the main emigration channels and geography of resettlement. Within the study, the authors have conducted an expert survey of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, the Embassies of the Russian Federation, and representative offices of Rossotrudnichestvo in foreign countries. The survey results indicate the heterogeneous structure of Russian-speaking communities by reasons of emigration, socio-economic status, degree of integration into the host society, gender, and ethnic composition, and geography of resettlement. However, state policy analysis towards compatriots shows that it targets people who already demonstrate an interest in Russia, participate in Russian-speaking organizations, and get involved in cultural, religious, and sports events. There is a need for cooperation and interaction with Russian-speaking people. Moreover, given that young people adapt and get integrated more efficiently, it is essential to prevent the loss of cultural capital of Russian-speaking youth living abroad. It is necessary to develop and implement a more differentiated approach towards interaction with the Russian-speaking population.

The subject-matter of this article is migration from Russia. The study deals with current aspects and new forms of emigration. The goal of this paper is to identify new patterns determining the emigration from Russia. The article views the emigration in a broad sense, including, in addition to classic emigration (i.e. leaving the home country for permanent residence in another country), various categories of return migration (labor migration, shuttle traders, seasonal migration, episodic migration, economic tourism, business migration, education abroad, etc.). With the emergence of these new forms and categories, there is a need to clarify the migration concepts. This analysis is built on a broad historical perspective on emigration, which has been a typical phenomenon for Russia over the last three centuries. The article is based on such economic theories, as the human capital theory, new economic theory of migration, Todaro's economic theory of migration and other. In this article, a variety of methods are used, including historical analogy, statistical and mathematical approaches, sociological and econometric models. The article analyzes the patterns of modern emigration from Russia. It also considers certain aspects in the legal regulation of migration processes, with a focus on emigrants, including potential emigrants. In conclusion, the article notes the need for the state control of emigration processes. This means not so much the improvement of statistical records for this group of migrants, but rather specific government measures aimed at providing the state support to these categories of migrants in order to prevent the nonreturn migration. In other words, it is not aimed at banning the emigration (a measure, the adverse effects of which were noted as long ago as by Mikhail Lomonosov), but at providing the state support to these categories of migrants in order to prevent the non-return migration. The findings of this research can be used in improving the migration policy implemented, in particular, by the Federal Migration Service of Russia. ; Представлен краткий экскурс в истории миграционных потоков из России. Рассмотрены новые формы, категории и правовые вопросы эмиграции. ; This study has been supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research as part of research project No. RFFI 16-0600048. "Social paradigm of regional development: selection of priorities and economic transformation".

In the context of globalization, Russian systems of education and science have become more open to the contacts with foreign partners. After the period of USSR's isolation, in 1990s, Russian scientists and teachers began actively develop international partnership with foreign universities and research centers, receive grants, participate in conferences abroad, and publish in international journals. Russian graduates and postgraduates became active participants of education migration. In several years, from an 'iron-curtain' country Russia turned into a country that offers various forms of academic mobility for scientists, teaching staff and students. The stimulating factor for the international relations' development was Russia's accession to the Bologna declaration. In this research, using statistical, analytical, comparative legal, and sociological methods we clarify the term "academic mobility" in its conceptual understanding and suggest a classification of academic mobility's types. The article describes the trends of the main forms of Russian academic mobility. Moreover, we outline ways to improve Russian national legislation for stimulating academic mobility in the interests of developing the national science and education systems. The article proposes a broad interpretation of the academic mobility's definition as a mindset and readiness for movement (potential), as well as the actual territorial movement (academic migration) in order to receive education, advanced training, and scientific and educational activities for both students and teaching staff. The academic mobility's types and forms can be classified in accordance with its geographical (territorial) aspect, activity, duration. Based on the classification, the article summarizes information in the context of two types of international academic mobility: incoming (entry) foreign citizens in Russia and outgoing (exit) Russian citizens from Russia. We have revealed that to a greater extent, the Russian migration legislation covers the academic mobility's issue more than the legislation on higher education and science. In addition, the migration legislation of international academic mobility is interested more in attracting foreign students and teachers to the country, than in regulating Russian students' and academic staff's mobility abroad. We have highlighted the factors impeding the realization of the Russian academic mobility's potential and give recommendations for their elimination. The study's results can be used in economic sociology, sociology of education, migration policy towards students. © 2019 Institute of Economics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. ; Предложена классификация видов академической мобильности. Дана характеристика тенденций основных форм академической мобильности в России. Обозначены пути совершенствования национального российского законодательства для стимулирования академической мобильности в интересах развития национальной системы науки и образования. ; The article has been prepared with the support of Russian Foundation for Basic Research (the project No 18-29-15043).