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This work examines Zionist activism in East-Central Europe during the years of war, occupation, revolution, the collapse of empires, and the formation of nation states in the years 1914 to 1920. Against the backdrop of the Great War - its brutal aftermath and consequent violence - the day-to-day encounters between Zionist activists and the Jewish communities in the region gave the movement credibility, allowed it to win support and to establish itself as a leading force in Jewish political and social life for decades to come. Through activists' efforts, Zionism came to mean something new: Rather than being concerned with debates over Jewish nationhood and pioneering efforts in Palestine, it came to be about aiding starving populations, organizing soup-kitchens, establishing orphanages, schools, kindergartens, and hospitals, negotiating with the authorities, and leading self-defence against pogroms.

This article analyses responses to the typhus epidemic in German-occupied Poland during the First World War. The German conquest of the Kingdom of Poland in 1915 not only instated a new political regime, but also brought about social misery on an unprecedented scale. Especially in larger cities, the poor segments of the population were made homeless or cramped into tiny apartments and suffered from hunger and disease. From 1915 outbreaks of typhus occurred in major cities, often found amongst the Jewish population. The German occupiers forcefully responded by fumigating houses, quarantining suspected cases, and forcing thousands of families into delousing facilities. These measures particularly targeted Jews as German medical officials identified them as the carriers and spreaders of the disease – some of them characterized typhus itself as a 'Jewish disease'. In an effort to prevent the spread of the disease to Germany and to protect the German Volkskörper, Polish Jews – for the fact that they were Jews – were from 1918 onwards barred from crossing the border and thousands of Jewish migrant workers in German industry were arrested and deported. The article examines both the political and the medical context in which these policies were employed and analyses Jewish responses to both the spreading of the disease and the German anti-Jewish policies. It shows the close connection between health policy and antisemitic and nationalist ideological narratives and projects, and identifies this racialization of disease as a key moment in the development of German antisemitism.

Die Arbeit fasst die Hauptstränge der Entwicklung des frühen arabischen Nationalismus im späten 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhundert zusammen. Der Fokus liegt auf dem semiunabhängigen Ägypten sowie auf jenen arabischen Gebieten, die um die Jahrhundertwende noch zum Osmanischen Reich gehörten. Ausgehend von der Frühphase des Nationalismus zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts fanden im Kontext der Schwäche des Osmanischen Reiches und dessen inkonsistenter Reformpolitik transferierte nationalistisch-demokratische Ideen in der arabischen Welt zunehmend Anklang. Diese hatten Intellektuelle aus Europa transferiert. Die Entstehung des Nationalismus fiel mit einer Erneuerung des Islam und der arabischen Sprache zusammen, wobei dieser Prozess einen entscheidenden Anteil an der Schaffung eines nationalen Narrativs und Bewusstseins hatte, welches zentral auch Nicht-Muslime einschloss. Im Zuge des Ersten Weltkriegs und der europäisch-imperialen Politik in der Region, die die in den europäischen Liberalismus gesetzte Hoffnung enttäuscht hatte, wurde die westlich orientierte, liberale Form des Nationalismus zu Gunsten einer stärker auf das "Arabertum" orientierten Ideologie aufgegeben. Dargelegt werden die zentralen ideologischen Elemente des arabischen Nationalismus in ihrer Widersprüchlichkeit und Einbettung in den entsprechenden historischen Kontext. ; (VLID)3620778

This work provides a user-friendly, species level taxonomic key based on morphology, current nomenclature, and modern taxonomy using molecular tools which fulfill the most pressing needs of both researchers and environmental managers. This key arms the reader with the tools necessary to improve their species identification abilities. This book resolves another issue as well: the mix of female and male characters used in keys to the calanoid copepods. Often, during the identification process, both calanoid copepod sexes are not available, and the user of such a key is stuck with an uncertain identification. Here, separate male and female keys to the calanoid copepods are provided for both the genera and species levels

Shallow lakes differ from deep ones in many aspects of nutrient dynamics, biotic structure and interactions of various trophic levels. Though very common in European lowlands, shallow lakes attract inadequate attention from research teams. This book aims at filling gaps in our knowledge of the processes which take place in non-stratified lakes. It contains proceedings from the international conference `Shallow Lakes *95' held in Mikolajki, Poland, on 20-26 August 1995. In more than 50 original papers up-to-date views on eutrophication, degradation and recovery of shallow lakes are presented. The first four sections of the book (Nutrient fluxes, Biotic structure, Trophic interactions and Whole lake studies) deal with theoretical aspects of lake functioning while the fifth (Biomanipulation, restoration and management) is devoted to practical measures undertaken to improve water quality in shallow lakes. The book is therefore addressed to university biologists and ecologists and PhD students, as well as to managers involved in restoration of shallow lakes