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Cultural Diplomacy as an Instrument of the European Union Soft Power The aim of this article is to answer the question of how European Union uses tools and methods of cultural diplomacy, the extent to which these can help achieve international aims and what are their functions. While the importance of culture has been on the rise in the realm of foreign affairs, its role in this field remains one of the most under‑studied aspects of policy. In this text I point out what is the cultural diplomacy, and which programs are proposed by EU to interest the world, not only in the European Union but also foreign audience. M.C. Cummings defines cultural diplomacy as the exchange of ideas, information, values, systems, traditions, beliefs, and other aspects of culture, with the intention of fostering mutual understanding. European Union uses culture to support their soft power potential, to generate goodwill, to frame international agenda in particular ways, to erect and re‑enact boundaries and/or to create societal linkages across them. According to J. Nye: cultural diplomacy is the best example of soft power, i.e. the possibility of communicating, via the conduit of culture, of values and ideas. Furthermore it is the ability to achieve to what is desired rather than attractiveness or coercion. It is the result of the attractiveness of a given culture, political ideals and the substance of the policy of a given country. Thus, Europe's cultural diplomacy is an important element of EU relations with the rest of the world and thus plays a part in shaping the EU's reputation and the exercise of union interests.

<p>Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu połączenie dwóch aspektów badań w ramach stosunków międzynarodowych: studiów nad diasporami oraz dyplomacją, jak również uwzględnia innych aktorów takich jak miasta i ich rolę w stosunkach międzynarodowych. Staramy się odpowiedzieć na pytanie kim są aktorzy zaangażowani w ten proces, w jaki sposób on przebiega oraz jakie są jego kierunki. Artykuł ma również wskazać powiązania między diasporami a dyplomacją miast. Przyglądamy się współczesnym miastom, ich polityce i relacjom z diasporami, ale z perspektywy historycznej. Interesuje nas bowiem w jaki sposób można skutecznie wykorzystać w obecność przez lata w przestrzeni publicznej diaspor prowadzenie dziś polityki integracji społecznej i realizacji zadań z zakresu city diplomacy.</p>

Historical Memory of Cities. The Concepts of City Diplomacy
Cities play a very important role in contemporary international relations. We introduce the concept of city diplomacy in this paper. Many important themes addressed by cities within the framework of city diplomacy are those related to history. Cities often build their promotional narratives around them. We look at selected contemporary cities and their policies in the area of cultural diversity, taking into account the historical perspective. For many cities, the building of a community of memories and the running of a coherent narrative using history are becoming very important elements in strengthening their identity and image. The article will point to museums as an example of such activity.

Cities create a transcultural sphere and a platform for transcultural dialogue.Cities play an important cultural-creative role and they try to become policy player onat the international level. The aim of this study is to evaluate the actions taken in cities from two perspectives. On the one hand how the multicultural (multi-lingual and multi-religious) cityscape is shaped, how the city is governed in order to create a space termed as a 'meeting place'. On the other hand how these undertakings affect the image of the city on the international stage and how they contribute to the city diplomacy strategy.