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For two decades, mixed crop-livestock farms have once again been attracting worldwide interest, in particular in the northern hemisphere, where mixed crop-livestock farms have been decreasing. As they are considered to be a good way of limiting environmental problems while being productive and economically viable, mixed crop-livestock systems could be a way to tackle environmental challenges linked to specialised agriculture. The definition of mixed crop-livestock farming nevertheless includes many different types of farming around the world. According to the level of interactions between livestock and crops within farm, mixed crop-livestock farms could be more or less able to meet sustainability challenges. The research works reviewed are mostly focused on biophysical flows between crops and livestock within farms. Farmers' decisions and practices are not taken into account in these works. Mixed crop-livestock studies are based mainly on technical or economic arguments, or on contrasted case studies of the southern hemisphere. Systemic approaches are needed to allow a rethink of the way in which mixed crop-livestock farming could contribute to sustainable development. To limit misunderstanding, the definition of mixed crop-livestock systems should better explained in research studies on the topic, in particular the level of integration between crops and livestock considered. Specific political incentives would be needed to develop and maintain mixed crop-livestock systems, especially in the northern hemisphere.

For two decades, mixed crop-livestock farms have once again been attracting worldwide interest, in particular in the northern hemisphere, where mixed crop-livestock farms have been decreasing. As they are considered to be a good way of limiting environmental problems while being productive and economically viable, mixed crop-livestock systems could be a way to tackle environmental challenges linked to specialised agriculture. The definition of mixed crop-livestock farming nevertheless includes many different types of farming around the world. According to the level of interactions between livestock and crops within farm, mixed crop-livestock farms could be more or less able to meet sustainability challenges. The research works reviewed are mostly focused on biophysical flows between crops and livestock within farms. Farmers' decisions and practices are not taken into account in these works. Mixed crop-livestock studies are based mainly on technical or economic arguments, or on contrasted case studies of the southern hemisphere. Systemic approaches are needed to allow a rethink of the way in which mixed crop-livestock farming could contribute to sustainable development. To limit misunderstanding, the definition of mixed crop-livestock systems should better explained in research studies on the topic, in particular the level of integration between crops and livestock considered. Specific political incentives would be needed to develop and maintain mixed crop-livestock systems, especially in the northern hemisphere.

National audience ; Integrating crops and livestock could limit the environmental and economic impact of specialized agriculture. Still, integrated croplivestock farms are disappearing over the European Union, due to a lack of workforce and few political incentives. This article aims at highlighting that cash crops and livestock are more often entering into competition than being sources of synergies in territories in which they coexist. We analyzed the diversity of service bundles provided by crop-livestock farming in three French territories combining cash crops and livestock. Our transversal analysis allowed us to suggest levers for an agroecological transition based on a real integration between cash crops and livestock at the farm and beyond the farm level. First of all, the animal stocking rate should be adapted as regards the potential of the agricultural area. Combining crops and livestock favors the autonomy in inputs through two main technical levers: diversification of crop rotations and organic fertilization of crops and grasslands through animal waste.Integrating agroforestry and conservation agriculture into crop-livestock systems could favor win-win strategies. At the local level, exchanges between specialized crops and livestock farmers could be of interest. Specific organizational and political levers should be explored to favor crop-livestock integration at the farm and local level. ; Associer productions animales et végétales conférerait des bénéfices économiques, sociaux et environnementaux aux exploitations par rapport à la spécialisation. Malgré ces intérêts potentiels, les exploitations de polyculture-élevage sont en déclin en U.E., en lien notamment avec un fort besoin de main-d'oeuvre pour combiner cultures et élevage et peu d'incitations politiques. L'objectif de cet article est de montrer en quoi les grandes cultures et l'élevage entrent en concurrence dans les territoires où ils cohabitent et de proposer des leviers d'actions pour favoriser des synergies. Pour cela, nous éclairerons ...

National audience ; Integrating crops and livestock could limit the environmental and economic impact of specialized agriculture. Still, integrated croplivestock farms are disappearing over the European Union, due to a lack of workforce and few political incentives. This article aims at highlighting that cash crops and livestock are more often entering into competition than being sources of synergies in territories in which they coexist. We analyzed the diversity of service bundles provided by crop-livestock farming in three French territories combining cash crops and livestock. Our transversal analysis allowed us to suggest levers for an agroecological transition based on a real integration between cash crops and livestock at the farm and beyond the farm level. First of all, the animal stocking rate should be adapted as regards the potential of the agricultural area. Combining crops and livestock favors the autonomy in inputs through two main technical levers: diversification of crop rotations and organic fertilization of crops and grasslands through animal waste.Integrating agroforestry and conservation agriculture into crop-livestock systems could favor win-win strategies. At the local level, exchanges between specialized crops and livestock farmers could be of interest. Specific organizational and political levers should be explored to favor crop-livestock integration at the farm and local level. ; Associer productions animales et végétales conférerait des bénéfices économiques, sociaux et environnementaux aux exploitations par rapport à la spécialisation. Malgré ces intérêts potentiels, les exploitations de polyculture-élevage sont en déclin en U.E., en lien notamment avec un fort besoin de main-d'oeuvre pour combiner cultures et élevage et peu d'incitations politiques. L'objectif de cet article est de montrer en quoi les grandes cultures et l'élevage entrent en concurrence dans les territoires où ils cohabitent et de proposer des leviers d'actions pour favoriser des synergies. Pour cela, nous éclairerons ...

National audience ; Integrating crops and livestock could limit the environmental and economic impact of specialized agriculture. Still, integrated croplivestock farms are disappearing over the European Union, due to a lack of workforce and few political incentives. This article aims at highlighting that cash crops and livestock are more often entering into competition than being sources of synergies in territories in which they coexist. We analyzed the diversity of service bundles provided by crop-livestock farming in three French territories combining cash crops and livestock. Our transversal analysis allowed us to suggest levers for an agroecological transition based on a real integration between cash crops and livestock at the farm and beyond the farm level. First of all, the animal stocking rate should be adapted as regards the potential of the agricultural area. Combining crops and livestock favors the autonomy in inputs through two main technical levers: diversification of crop rotations and organic fertilization of crops and grasslands through animal waste.Integrating agroforestry and conservation agriculture into crop-livestock systems could favor win-win strategies. At the local level, exchanges between specialized crops and livestock farmers could be of interest. Specific organizational and political levers should be explored to favor crop-livestock integration at the farm and local level. ; Associer productions animales et végétales conférerait des bénéfices économiques, sociaux et environnementaux aux exploitations par rapport à la spécialisation. Malgré ces intérêts potentiels, les exploitations de polyculture-élevage sont en déclin en U.E., en lien notamment avec un fort besoin de main-d'oeuvre pour combiner cultures et élevage et peu d'incitations politiques. L'objectif de cet article est de montrer en quoi les grandes cultures et l'élevage entrent en concurrence dans les territoires où ils cohabitent et de proposer des leviers d'actions pour favoriser des synergies. Pour cela, nous éclairerons ...

In the current context of market fluctuation on agricultural products prices, European agriculture is endangered. In hilly areas, the orientation of CAP policy promoting specialization added to an always increasing lack of work forces challenges the future of farms. Nevertheless, farmers found how to adapt to local context to last on the long term. In this study, we try to assess the diversity of the adaptative strategies developed by farmers to last in analyzing their trajectories of change. Our study aims to understand the variety in trajectories of farms from 1950 up to now. We applied an integrated approach to the farm population of a case-study site, in the Coteaux de Gascogne. In this hilly region of south-western France, agriculture maintained with a limited specialization of production. We made a survey of the history of every farms working land in an area of about 4000 ha. We used a two steps-analysis including : (i) a manual assessment of the trajectory of each farm and (ii) a typology of farm trajectories build on a combination of multivariate analysis on a set of data composed by 20 variables for 50 farms on 10-year steps. The interpretation of the types was based on the results of the manual assessment. The resulting 6 types of trajectories reflect different objectives and strategies. Farmers found different "paths to last" in a same local context (environmental, political and economic). In two types of trajectories, farmers became specialized, in the other ones, farmers maintained more traditional systems, based on a crop-livestock association. This typology was validated by local farmers. Our results stress out the importance to understand the systemic functioning of farms to study local change in agricultural systems. In a next step of our study these results will be used in a participatory future process with local stakeholders, through co-constructed prospective scenarios.

In the current context of market fluctuation on agricultural products prices, European agriculture is endangered. In hilly areas, the orientation of CAP policy promoting specialization added to an always increasing lack of work forces challenges the future of farms. Nevertheless, farmers found how to adapt to local context to last on the long term. In this study, we try to assess the diversity of the adaptative strategies developed by farmers to last in analyzing their trajectories of change. Our study aims to understand the variety in trajectories of farms from 1950 up to now. We applied an integrated approach to the farm population of a case-study site, in the Coteaux de Gascogne. In this hilly region of south-western France, agriculture maintained with a limited specialization of production. We made a survey of the history of every farms working land in an area of about 4000 ha. We used a two steps-analysis including : (i) a manual assessment of the trajectory of each farm and (ii) a typology of farm trajectories build on a combination of multivariate analysis on a set of data composed by 20 variables for 50 farms on 10-year steps. The interpretation of the types was based on the results of the manual assessment. The resulting 6 types of trajectories reflect different objectives and strategies. Farmers found different "paths to last" in a same local context (environmental, political and economic). In two types of trajectories, farmers became specialized, in the other ones, farmers maintained more traditional systems, based on a crop-livestock association. This typology was validated by local farmers. Our results stress out the importance to understand the systemic functioning of farms to study local change in agricultural systems. In a next step of our study these results will be used in a participatory future process with local stakeholders, through co-constructed prospective scenarios.

International audience ; In the current context of market fluctuation on agricultural products prices, European agriculture is endangered. In hilly areas, the orientation of CAP policy promoting specialization added to an always increasing lack of work forces challenges the future of farms. Nevertheless, farmers found how to adapt to local context to last on the long term. In this study, we try to assess the diversity of the adaptative strategies developed by farmers to last in analyzing their trajectories of change. Our study aims to understand the variety in trajectories of farms from 1950 up to now. We applied an integrated approach to the farm population of a case-study site, in the Coteaux de Gascogne. In this hilly region of south-western France, agriculture maintained with a limited specialization of production. We made a survey of the history of every farms working land in an area of about 4000 ha. We used a two steps-analysis including : (i) a manual assessment of the trajectory of each farm and (ii) a typology of farm trajectories build on a combination of multivariate analysis on a set of data composed by 20 variables for 50 farms on 10-year steps. The interpretation of the types was based on the results of the manual assessment. The resulting 6 types of trajectories reflect different objectives and strategies. Farmers found different "paths to last" in a same local context (environmental, political and economic). In two types of trajectories, farmers became specialized, in the other ones, farmers maintained more traditional systems, based on a crop-livestock association. This typology was validated by local farmers. Our results stress out the importance to understand the systemic functioning of farms to study local change in agricultural systems. In a next step of our study these results will be used in a participatory future process with local stakeholders, through co-constructed prospective scenarios.

International audience ; Abstract: Shared crops and collective biogas plants, towards more sustainable systems? Recent developments in agriculture in France have been marked by the emergence of collective projects, associating farmers around shared crop areas or bio-gas plants. The potential for sustainability of these projects is discussed. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of two agricultural projects involving crops and livestock, with significant exchanges and coordination. One shared crop area and one collective biogas plant were investigated. We aimed to evaluate the main effects of these projects on the sustainability of agricultural systems, and to analyze how they question agricultural systems' organization and methods for evaluating their sustainability. Results show an increase of the social sustainability of farms, while a tendency to intensify systems was observed. Nevertheless, these projects benefited mainly to a variety of individual projects. They helped to significantly change the identity of farmers within the group (breeders turned into seed farmers for example). The study highlights the interrelations between the individual and collective scales, which raises questions about the methods of evaluation and action to be implemented for more sustainable systems. ; Les systèmes agricoles connaissent aujourd'hui de profondes mutations, notamment l'émergence de démarches collectives, qui questionnent les modèles organisationnels traditionnels. Des projets associent agriculteurs et éleveurs autour de dispositifs collectifs comme des assolements, élevages ou méthaniseurs. Le potentiel de ces dispositifs en termes de durabilité est questionné. Notre objectif est d'évaluer deux projets contrastés associant cultures et élevages autour d'un dispositif collectif: un assolement en commun et un méthaniseur collectif. Nous souhaitions évaluer les principaux effets de ces dispositifs sur la durabilité des systèmes agricoles, et analyser en quoi ils questionnent l'organisation des systèmes agricoles et ...

The dynamics of family livestock farming in extensive livestock farming territories are crucial for the future of these territories. Indeed livestock farming is an activity anchored in a society, with its agro-food chains and its local environment. It provides products and multiple services: social and economic dynamics, desirable landscape, biodiversity¿ Family livestock farming has to reshape itself, and face up to local factors of change, such as demographic evolution or land pressure, and global factors like climate or market. The purpose of our communication is to shed light on the main processes of transformation of family livestock farming, based on a comparative analysis carried out on 8 extensive livestock farming territories : 2 in South America, 1 in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2 in the Mediterranean area and 3 in the French mountains. We propose a cross-reading of these processes based on three complementary considerations: i) the link between family and livestock farming, ii) the link of the farm to space and finally iii) the link of the livestock farm to agro-food chains. This reading informs us on the diversity of adaptation dynamics of family livestock farms. In all the territories we can demonstrate the influence of two driving forces for change on the construction of this diversity of family livestock farm adaptation dynamics. These driving forces are globalisation and territorialisation. We propose a stylised representation of this and discuss the tensions and/or complementarities which this diversity of dynamics creates within the territories.

Les systèmes de polyculture -élevage font l'objet d'une nouvelle reconnaissance à l'échelle internationale en termes de durabilité des exploitations et des paysages; pourtant, ils continuent de diminuer en France. Notre question de recherche concerne les changements mis en œuvre par les agriculteurs pour accroître la durabilité de leur exploitation et suppose l'observation des interrelations entre cultures et élevage, qui joue ont un grand rôle sur les bénéfices obtenus. En mobilisant le cadre d'analyse des capacités adaptatives à différentes échelles de temps des systèmes d'élevage, nous mettons en évidence différentes modalités d'interrelations entre cultures et élevage. Sur le long terme, nous constatons les effets opposés des différentes politiques publiques, notamment européennes, sur les systèmes de polyculture élevage. A moyen terme, les transitions réalisées par les agriculteurs renvoient à une plus grande finesse de la gestion à réaliser, faisant parfois appel à un référentiel de pensée différent. A moyen et court terme, les agriculteurs jouent sur la flexibilité de leur système pour qu'il s'adapte à des circonstances nouvelles de manière appropriée.

Les systèmes de polyculture -élevage font l'objet d'une nouvelle reconnaissance à l'échelle internationale en termes de durabilité des exploitations et des paysages; pourtant, ils continuent de diminuer en France. Notre question de recherche concerne les changements mis en œuvre par les agriculteurs pour accroître la durabilité de leur exploitation et suppose l'observation des interrelations entre cultures et élevage, qui joue ont un grand rôle sur les bénéfices obtenus. En mobilisant le cadre d'analyse des capacités adaptatives à différentes échelles de temps des systèmes d'élevage, nous mettons en évidence différentes modalités d'interrelations entre cultures et élevage. Sur le long terme, nous constatons les effets opposés des différentes politiques publiques, notamment européennes, sur les systèmes de polyculture élevage. A moyen terme, les transitions réalisées par les agriculteurs renvoient à une plus grande finesse de la gestion à réaliser, faisant parfois appel à un référentiel de pensée différent. A moyen et court terme, les agriculteurs jouent sur la flexibilité de leur système pour qu'il s'adapte à des circonstances nouvelles de manière appropriée. ; Mixed farming systems reappear as a means of improving farming system and land sustainability; though, they are still decreasing in France. Our research question relates to farmers changes to implement their farm sustainability and supposes observations of the interrelations between crops and livestock. Theses interrelations play an important part on obtained advantages. Calling up the adaptive capacities of livestock systems framework, we study a wide diversity of crops livestock interrelations at different time scales. In the long term, we notice opposed effects of public policies on mixed farming systems. At medium time, transitions made by farmers appeal for a finer management, sometimes needing another thought repository. At medium and short time, farmers play around with their system flexibility in order to adapt it correctly according to new circumstances.