Suchergebnisse

Looking at the economic growth of seemingly similar countries one can find striking differences. Why has Australia gotten so much ahead of New Zealand, in spite of the latter being held up as a paragon of free market reform? How is it possible that Austria, with its persistently oversized state enterprise sector, has managed to (nearly) catch up with Switzerland? How can we account for the differences in economic growth between Estonia and Slovenia, and which of these two countries has been more successful at systemic transformation? Why is Mexico so much poorer than Spain, despite having been

The paper aims to present directions for the growth‑enhancing reconstruction of the tax system in Poland. It presents a diagnosis of the main strengths and weaknesses of that system. Based on this diagnosis and a review of the literature, the authors propose a package of recommendations whose introduction would be conducive to economic growth. The recommendations include: shifting the burden of taxation from income, in particular low labour income, to consumption; exempting low earners from a part of social security contributions; the introduction of the possibility for local governments to increase the PIT-free allowance above the centrally set base amount; the unification of the basis for the PIT, National Health Fund and Social Insurance Institution contributions; the elimination of differences in contributions for different types of contracts on the basis of which work is performed; the extension of one‑off amortisation to all machine investments; and the elimination of sectoral taxes.

The paper aims to present directions for the growth‑enhancing reconstruction of the tax system in Poland. It presents a diagnosis of the main strengths and weaknesses of that system. Based on this diagnosis and a review of the literature, the authors propose a package of recommendations whose introduction would be conducive to economic growth. The recommendations include: shifting the burden of taxation from income, in particular low labour income, to consumption; exempting low earners from a part of social security contributions; the introduction of the possibility for local governments to increase the PIT-free allowance above the centrally set base amount; the unification of the basis for the PIT, National Health Fund and Social Insurance Institution contributions; the elimination of differences in contributions for different types of contracts on the basis of which work is performed; the extension of one‑off amortisation to all machine investments; and the elimination of sectoral taxes. ; Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie kierunków przebudowy systemu podatkowego w Polsce, która wzmacniałaby wzrost gospodarczy. Opracowanie zawiera diagnozę głównych silnych stron i słabości tego systemu. Na podstawie tej diagnozy oraz przeglądu literatury autorzy proponują rekomendacje, których uwzględnienie przy przebudowie podatków sprzyjałoby wzrostowi gospodarczemu. Obejmują one: przesunięcie ciężaru opodatkowania z dochodów, zwłaszcza z nisko płatnej pracy, na konsumpcję; objęcie części składek na ubezpieczenie społeczne kwotą wolną; umożliwienie samorządom podwyższenia kwoty wolnej od podatku PIT powyżej centralnie ustalonej kwoty bazowej; ujednolicenie podstawy wymiaru podatku PIT, składek NFZ i ZUS; usunięcie różnic w oskładkowaniu różnych typów umów, na podstawie których jest wykonywana praca; rozszerzenie możliwości jednorazowej amortyzacji na wszystkie inwestycje maszynowe; eliminację podatków sektorowych.

Motivation: The best way to widen access to public services at the local level is to increase efficiency of local government spending. However, an increase in efficiency may refer to output or inputs. In the latter case it does not widen access to public services. Moreover, factors conducive to spending efficiency may be detrimental to local cohesion. Finding a way so that the financing framework for local governments would reconcile the efficiency condition with the conditions of access to public services and local cohesion respectively, is an issue of great importance for economic policy. It seems to be so especially in a country like Poland, where there are large differences in the level of development between regions for historical reasons. These differences, if left accumulating, could easily jeopardize efficiency due to distorted capital flows, not to mention political tensions they may cause. Aim: The article aims at identifying basic features of the financing framework for local governments in Poland that hinder efficiency of their spending and at proposing feasible changes to that framework that would improve the efficiency but not at the expense of local cohesion or access to public services. Results: The article argues that the financing framework of local governments in Poland would better meet conditions of both efficiency and access to public services, if local governments relied mostly on revenues from income taxes instead of transfers from the central government, and some elements of tax competition between local authorities, although restricted to PIT-free allowance, were introduced. Such a shift in local governments revenue composition would not weaken local cohesion, if it was accompanied by an appropriate solidarity subvention financed by the richest voivodeship and the central government, and non-recurring central government revenues were allocated to investments exceeding financial capacity of local governments.

The paper aims to present directions for the growth‑enhancing reconstruction of the tax system in Poland. It presents a diagnosis of the main strengths and weaknesses of that system. Based on this diagnosis and a review of the literature, the authors propose a package of recommendations whose introduction would be conducive to economic growth. The recommendations include: shifting the burden of taxation from income, in particular low labour income, to consumption; exempting low earners from a part of social security contributions; the introduction of the possibility for local governments to increase the PIT-free allowance above the centrally set base amount; the unification of the basis for the PIT, National Health Fund and Social Insurance Institution contributions; the elimination of differences in contributions for different types of contracts on the basis of which work is performed; the extension of one‑off amortisation to all machine investments; and the elimination of sectoral taxes. ; Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie kierunków przebudowy systemu podatkowego w Polsce, która wzmacniałaby wzrost gospodarczy. Opracowanie zawiera diagnozę głównych silnych stron i słabości tego systemu. Na podstawie tej diagnozy oraz przeglądu literatury autorzy proponują rekomendacje, których uwzględnienie przy przebudowie podatków sprzyjałoby wzrostowi gospodarczemu. Obejmują one: przesunięcie ciężaru opodatkowania z dochodów, zwłaszcza z nisko płatnej pracy, na konsumpcję; objęcie części składek na ubezpieczenie społeczne kwotą wolną; umożliwienie samorządom podwyższenia kwoty wolnej od podatku PIT powyżej centralnie ustalonej kwoty bazowej; ujednolicenie podstawy wymiaru podatku PIT, składek NFZ i ZUS; usunięcie różnic w oskładkowaniu różnych typów umów, na podstawie których jest wykonywana praca; rozszerzenie możliwości jednorazowej amortyzacji na wszystkie inwestycje maszynowe; eliminację podatków sektorowych.

Motivation: The best way to widen access to public services at the local level is to increase efficiency of local government spending. However, an increase in efficiency may refer to output or inputs. In the latter case it does not widen access to public services. Moreover, factors conducive to spending efficiency may be detrimental to local cohesion. Finding a way so that the financing framework for local governments would reconcile the efficiency condition with the conditions of access to public services and local cohesion respectively, is an issue of great importance for economic policy. It seems to be so especially in a country like Poland, where there are large differences in the level of development between regions for historical reasons. These differences, if left accumulating, could easily jeopardize efficiency due to distorted capital flows, not to mention political tensions they may cause. Aim: The article aims at identifying basic features of the financing framework for local governments in Poland that hinder efficiency of their spending and at proposing feasible changes to that framework that would improve the efficiency but not at the expense of local cohesion or access to public services. Results: The article argues that the financing framework of local governments in Poland would better meet conditions of both efficiency and access to public services, if local governments relied mostly on revenues from income taxes instead of transfers from the central government, and some elements of tax competition between local authorities, although restricted to PIT-free allowance, were introduced. Such a shift in local governments revenue composition would not weaken local cohesion, if it was accompanied by an appropriate solidarity subvention financed by the richest voivodeship and the central government, and non-recurring central government revenues were allocated to investments exceeding financial capacity of local governments.

AbstractThe goal of this article is to point out the likely reasons for the differences between the results obtained by Roxana Radulescu and David Barlow1 and those presented in most other research papers on the growth determinants in the post‐communist countries. The authors also present the consequences of the impact of the specific composition of the EBRD index on the results of analysis obtained on the basis of econometric models, in which the index is used as a variable.

SummaryWe estimate various panel fiscal reaction functions, including those of the main categories of general government revenue and expenditure for 12 Euro area member states over the 1970‐2013 period. We find that in the peripheral countries where sovereign bond yields decreased sharply in the years 1996‐2007, fiscal stance ceased to respond to sovereign debt accumulation. This was due to lack of sufficient adjustment in government current expenditure and direct taxes. In contrast, in the core member states, which did not benefit from yields' convergence related to the Euro area establishment, responsiveness of fiscal stance to inherited sovereign debt increased during 1996‐2007. This was achieved mainly through pronounced adjustments in government current expenditure. The findings are robust to various changes in modelling approach.

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest podsumowanie najnowszych wyników badań analizujących rolę systemu podatkowego w kolejnych fazach kryzysu zapoczątkowanego w 2008 r. Przeprowadzona w opracowaniu analiza wskazuje, że jego rola ulegała istotnym zmianom: 1) przed wybuchem kryzysu stwarzał bodźce do takich zachowań podmiotów gospodarczych, które przyczyniały się do narastania nierównowagi leżącej u podstaw kryzysu; 2) po jego wybuchu wzrosło znaczenie stabilizacyjne systemu podatkowego: zarówno w obszarze oddziaływania tak zwanych automatycznych stabilizatorów, jak i dyskrecjonalnych zmian obciążeń podatkowych; 3) obecnie zmiany systemu podatkowego zmierzają w kierunku wsparcia procesu konsolidacji fiskalnej oczekiwanej w najbliższych latach w wielu gospodarkach rozwiniętych i w części krajów rozwijających się.