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The Erratum to this article has been published in International Journal for Equity in Health 2016 15:178 ; The recent economic crisis has been a major shock not only to the economic sector, but also to the rest of society. Our main objective in this paper is to show the impact of the economic crisis on convergence, i.e. the reduction or equalising of disparities, among the EU-27 countries in terms of health. The aim is to observe whether the economic crisis (from 2008 onwards) has in fact had an effect on health inequalities within the EU.MethodsWe estimate convergence by specifying a dynamic panel model with random-effects (time, regions and countries). We are particularly interested in σ-convergence. As dependent variables, we use life expectancy, total mortality and (cause-specific) mortality in the regions of the EU-27 countries over the period 1995–2011.ResultsThe results of the analysis show that, in terms of health, there has been a catching-up process among the EU regions. However, we find no reduction, on average, in dispersion levels as the σ-convergence shows. The main finding of this paper has been the sharp increase in disparities in 2010 for all health outcomes (albeit less abrupt for cancer mortality).ConclusionThis increase in disparities in 2010 coincides with the austerity measures implemented in the EU countries. Our main conclusion is that these austerity measures have had an impact on socioeconomic inequalities

Unfortunately, after publication of this article in 'International Journal for Equity in Health 2016 15:135' it was noticed that part of the 'Acknowledgements' section was missing. The following sentence should have been added to the 'Acknowledgements' section:"This study has been developed within the PhD Programme in International Relations and European Integration of the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB, Spain). We would also like to thank the comments of Prof. Jordi Bacaria (UAB)."

The Erratum to this article has been published in International Journal for Equity in Health 2016 15:178 ; The recent economic crisis has been a major shock not only to the economic sector, but also to the rest of society. Our main objective in this paper is to show the impact of the economic crisis on convergence, i.e. the reduction or equalising of disparities, among the EU-27 countries in terms of health. The aim is to observe whether the economic crisis (from 2008 onwards) has in fact had an effect on health inequalities within the EU. Methods We estimate convergence by specifying a dynamic panel model with random-effects (time, regions and countries). We are particularly interested in σ-convergence. As dependent variables, we use life expectancy, total mortality and (cause-specific) mortality in the regions of the EU-27 countries over the period 1995–2011. Results The results of the analysis show that, in terms of health, there has been a catching-up process among the EU regions. However, we find no reduction, on average, in dispersion levels as the σ-convergence shows. The main finding of this paper has been the sharp increase in disparities in 2010 for all health outcomes (albeit less abrupt for cancer mortality). Conclusion This increase in disparities in 2010 coincides with the austerity measures implemented in the EU countries. Our main conclusion is that these austerity measures have had an impact on socioeconomic inequalities

The Erratum to this article has been published in International Journal for Equity in Health 2016 15:178 ; The recent economic crisis has been a major shock not only to the economic sector, but also to the rest of society. Our main objective in this paper is to show the impact of the economic crisis on convergence, i.e. the reduction or equalising of disparities, among the EU-27 countries in terms of health. The aim is to observe whether the economic crisis (from 2008 onwards) has in fact had an effect on health inequalities within the EU. Methods We estimate convergence by specifying a dynamic panel model with random-effects (time, regions and countries). We are particularly interested in σ-convergence. As dependent variables, we use life expectancy, total mortality and (cause-specific) mortality in the regions of the EU-27 countries over the period 1995–2011. Results The results of the analysis show that, in terms of health, there has been a catching-up process among the EU regions. However, we find no reduction, on average, in dispersion levels as the σ-convergence shows. The main finding of this paper has been the sharp increase in disparities in 2010 for all health outcomes (albeit less abrupt for cancer mortality). Conclusion This increase in disparities in 2010 coincides with the austerity measures implemented in the EU countries. Our main conclusion is that these austerity measures have had an impact on socioeconomic inequalities

Unfortunately, after publication of this article in 'International Journal for Equity in Health 2016 15:135' it was noticed that part of the 'Acknowledgements' section was missing. The following sentence should have been added to the 'Acknowledgements' section: "This study has been developed within the PhD Programme in International Relations and European Integration of the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB, Spain). We would also like to thank the comments of Prof. Jordi Bacaria (UAB)."

The Erratum to this article has been published in International Journal for Equity in Health 2016 15:178 ; The recent economic crisis has been a major shock not only to the economic sector, but also to the rest of society. Our main objective in this paper is to show the impact of the economic crisis on convergence, i.e. the reduction or equalising of disparities, among the EU-27 countries in terms of health. The aim is to observe whether the economic crisis (from 2008 onwards) has in fact had an effect on health inequalities within the EU. Methods We estimate convergence by specifying a dynamic panel model with random-effects (time, regions and countries). We are particularly interested in σ-convergence. As dependent variables, we use life expectancy, total mortality and (cause-specific) mortality in the regions of the EU-27 countries over the period 1995–2011. Results The results of the analysis show that, in terms of health, there has been a catching-up process among the EU regions. However, we find no reduction, on average, in dispersion levels as the σ-convergence shows. The main finding of this paper has been the sharp increase in disparities in 2010 for all health outcomes (albeit less abrupt for cancer mortality). Conclusion This increase in disparities in 2010 coincides with the austerity measures implemented in the EU countries. Our main conclusion is that these austerity measures have had an impact on socioeconomic inequalities

Unfortunately, after publication of this article in 'International Journal for Equity in Health 2016 15:135' it was noticed that part of the 'Acknowledgements' section was missing. The following sentence should have been added to the 'Acknowledgements' section: "This study has been developed within the PhD Programme in International Relations and European Integration of the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB, Spain). We would also like to thank the comments of Prof. Jordi Bacaria (UAB)."

Unfortunately, after publication of this article in 'International Journal for Equity in Health 2016 15:135' it was noticed that part of the 'Acknowledgements' section was missing. The following sentence should have been added to the 'Acknowledgements' section: "This study has been developed within the PhD Programme in International Relations and European Integration of the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB, Spain). We would also like to thank the comments of Prof. Jordi Bacaria (UAB)."

The hypotheses we intended to contrast were, first, that the most deprived neighborhoods in Barcelona, Spain, present high exposure to environmental hazards (differential exposure) and, secondly, that the health effects of this greater exposure were higher in the most deprived neighborhoods (differential susceptibility). The population studied corresponded to the individuals residing in the neighborhoods of Barcelona in the period 2007–2014. We specified the association between the relative risk of death and environmental hazards and socioeconomic indicators by means of spatio-temporal ecological regressions, formulated as a generalized linear mixed model with Poisson responses. There was a differential exposure (higher in more deprived neighborhoods) in almost all the air pollutants considered, when taken individually. The exposure was higher in the most affluent in the cases of environmental noise. Nevertheless, for both men and women, the risk of dying due to environmental hazards in a very affluent neighborhood is about 30% lower than in a very depressed neighborhood. The effect of environmental hazards was more harmful to the residents of Barcelona's most deprived neighborhoods. This increased susceptibility cannot be attributed to a single problem but rather to a set of environmental hazards that, overall, a neighborhood may present ; This work was partly funded by the CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP) through the strategic subprogram 'Crisis and Health', by the AGAUR, Catalan Government Project 'Compositional and Spatial Analysis' (COSDA), 2014SGR551 and by the Research Grant to Improve the Scientific Productivity of the Research Groups of the University of Girona 2016-2018 (MPCUdG2016/69)

Introduction While previous research already exists on the impact of the current economic crisis and whether it leads to an increase in mortality by suicide, our objective in this paper is to determine if the increase in the suicide rate in Catalonia, Spain from 2010 onwards has been statistically significant and whether it is associated with rising unemployment. Methods We used hierarchical mixed models, separately considering the crude death rate of suicides for municipalities with more than and less than 10,000 inhabitants as dependent variables both unstratified and stratified according to gender and/or age group. Results In municipalities with 10,000 or more inhabitants there was an increase in the relative risk of suicide from 2009 onwards. This increase was only statistically significant for working-aged women (16–64 years). In municipalities with less than 10,000 inhabitants the relative risk showed a decreasing trend even after 2009. In no case did we find the unemployment rate to be associated (statistically significant) with the suicide rate. Conclusions The increase in the suicide rate from 2010 in Catalonia was not statistically significant as a whole, with the exception of working-aged women (16–64 years) living in municipalities with 10,000 or more inhabitants. We have not found this increase to be associated with rising unemployment in any of the cases. Future research into the effects of economic recessions on suicide mortality should take into account inequalities by age, sex and size of municipalities ; This work was partly funded by the CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), through the strategic subprogram 'Crisis and Health' and by the project 'Compositional and Spatial Analysis' (COSDA), 2014SGR551, AGAUR, Catalan Government

While most countries have networks of stations for monitoring pollutant concentrations, they do not cover the whole territory continuously. Therefore, to be able to carry out a spatial and temporal study, the predictions for air pollution from unmeasured sites and time periods need to be used. The objective of this study is to predict the air pollutant concentrations of PM10, O3, NO2, SO2 and CO in sites throughout Catalonia (Spain) and time periods without a monitoring station. Compositional data (CoDa) studies the relative importance of pollutants. A novel feature in this article is combining CoDa with an indicator of total pollution. Predictions are then made using a combination of spatio-temporal models and the Bayesian Laplace Integrated Approach (INLA) inference method. The most relevant results obtained indicate that the log-ratio between NO2 and O3 has the highest variance and the best predictive accuracy in time and space. Total pollution levels are second in variance but have low spatial predictive accuracy. Third in variance is the low temporal accuracy found in the log-ratio between SO2 and the remaining pollutants. Globally, the combination of CoDa and the INLA method is suitable for making effective spatio-temporal predictions of air pollutants ; This work was partially financed by the SUPERA COVID19 Fund, from SAUN: Santander Universidades, CRUE and CSIC; by the COVID-19 Competitive Grant Program from Pfizer Global Medical Grants; by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities/FEDER (grant number RTI2018–095518–B–C21); and the Government of Catalonia (grant number 2017SGR656)

Part of a country's emissions are caused by producing goods for export to other countries, while a country's own needs also generate emissions in other parts of the world that are associated with the products they import. Our interest was to evaluate the influence of imports and exports of goods and services on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in a data panel composed of 30 countries over 21 years. We included as control variables the gross domestic product per capita, employment, an indicator of the economic crisis and a non-linear trend and inferences were performed using a Bayesian framework. The results showed that it was the exports and imports of goods, rather than services, that were related to CO2-equivalent levels. Exports and imports of goods were very inelastic, albeit less so in the case of the index. In summary, the more a country imports, the higher their GHG emission levels are. However, it is important to point out that when employment rates are higher more energy is consumed and GHG emissions are greater. In richer countries, GDP per capita is the factor that best explains why their emissions are so high ; This paper was developed within the scope of the projects 'Compositional and Spatial Analysis' (COSDA), AGAUR, 'Generalitat de Catalunya', 2014SGR551 and 'Markets and Finance', AGAUR, 'Generalitat de Catalunya', 2014SGR444. It was partially funded by the projects ECO2010-18158, ECO2013-45380-P (Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Spanish Government) and Research Grant to Improve the Scientific Productivity of the Research Groups of the University of Girona 2016–2018 (MPCUdG2016/69)

This article presents and develops a compositional analysis with representation of biplots, as an innovative proposal for a methodological approach to representation the theory of the agenda-setting about the political opinion of the opinion makers in the written press. For this purpose, a content analysis of the opinion articles on politics is carried out of the newspapers El País, El Mundo, ABC, La Razón and La Vanguardia in the period of the Spanish general elections of 2015, to later apply the compositional method that allows representation the agenda setting theory, taking into account proportionality of topics and surpassing the traditional correlational methods. The results prove the methodological feasibility of the model, while providing an unexplored view on the case under study and shed light on the agenda-setting theory ; Este articulo presenta y desarrolla un análisis composicional con representación de biplots como propuesta innovadora para un abordaje metodológico de representación de la teoría de la agenda-setting para la opinión sobre política en la prensa escrita. Para ello, se desarrolla un análisis de contenido de los artículos de opinión sobre política de los periódicos El País, El Mundo, ABC, La Razón y La Vanguardia, en el período de las Elecciones Generales españolas de 2015, para posteriormente aplicar el método composicional como procedimiento que permite representar la teoría de la agenda-setting, teniendo en cuenta la proporcionalidad de la presencia de los temas y superando los tradicionales métodos correlacionales. Los resultados prueban la viabilidad metodológica, a la vez que aportan una visión hasta el momento inexplorada sobre la agenda-settingen el caso en estudio ; Investigación financiada: los resultados de este trabajo forman parte del proyecto de investigación de doctorado del primer firmante, titulado El análisis composicional (CoDa) como herramienta para el mapeode la teoría de la agenda-setting. Estudio de caso de la opinión sobre política en el sistema mediático ...

This article presents the compositional biplot as an innovative methodological approach to visualise intermedia agenda-setting in the study of media and political agendas in an intuitive way. As an illustration, we use a content analysis of the main Spanish media groups (RTVE, Prisa, Vocento, Unidad Editorial, COPE, Atresmedia, Planeta, Godó, Mediaset España and Libertad Digital) and political parties with a sole constituency (Partido Popular, Partido Socialista Obrero Español, Podemos, Ciudadanos and Izquierda Unida) within the framework of the 2015 Spanish general election period. Unlike traditional approaches, compositional analysis in general and the biplot in particular emphasize the relative salience of the contents within the agenda. The visualisation confirms the methodological soundness of the approach, while also providing a novel perspective of the case under study and visualizing the representation of intermedia agenda-setting ; Este artículo presenta el biplot composicional como un enfoque metodológico innovador para representar de manera intuitiva la intermedia agenda-setting en el estudio de las agendas mediática y política. Como ilustración, empleamos un análisis de contenido de los principales grupos de medios españoles (RTVE, Prisa, Vocento, Unidad Editorial, COPE, Atresmedia, Planeta, Godó, Mediaset España y Libertad Digital) y principales partidos políticos con circunscripción única (Partido Popular, Partido Socialista Obrero Español, Podemos, Ciudadanos e Izquierda Unida), en el marco del período de las Elecciones Generales españolas de 2015. En oposición a los enfoques tradicionales, el análisis composicional en general y el biplot en particular enfatizan la relevancia relativa de los contenidos dentro de la agenda. La representación confirma la solidez metodológica del enfoque, al tiempo que proporciona una visión novedosa del caso en estudio y visualiza la representación de la intermedia agenda-setting

This article presents and develops a compositional analysis with representation of biplots, as an innovative proposal for a methodological approach to representation the theory of the agendasetting about the political opinion of the opinion makers in the written press. For this purpose, a content analysis of the opinion articles on politics is carried out of the newspapers El País, El Mundo, ABC, La Razón and La Vanguardia in the period of the Spanish general elections of 2015, to later apply the compositional method that allows representation the agenda setting theory, taking into account proportionality of topics and surpassing the traditional correlational methods. The results prove the methodological feasibility of the model, while providing an unexplored view on the case under study and shed light on the agenda-setting theory. ; Este articulo presenta y desarrolla un análisis composicional con representación de biplots como propuesta innovadora para un abordaje metodológico de representación de la teoría de la agenda-setting para la opinión sobre política en la prensa escrita. Para ello, se desarrolla un análisis de contenido de los artículos de opinión sobre política de los periódicos El País, El Mundo, ABC, La Razón y La Vanguardia, en el período de las Elecciones Generales españolas de 2015, para posteriormente aplicar el método composicional como procedimiento que permite representar la teoría de la agenda-setting, teniendo en cuenta la proporcionalidad de la presencia de los temas y superando los tradicionales métodos correlacionales. Los resultados prueban la viabilidad metodológica, a la vez que aportan una visión hasta el momento inexplorada sobre la agenda-setting en el caso en estudio.