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"Offers a new approach to the relationship between warfare and state construction. Historians looking at how war funding impinged on state development, and how state growth made wars more significant, have tended to downplay the role of military-provisioning entrepreneurs. This volume shows that the state-entrepreneur relationship was much more fluid and constant than previously thought. The author furnishes new insights into the role of military entrepreneurs in debates about warfare and state construction."--

Cover -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- List of Abbreviations -- Glossary -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Habsburg Fiscal and Financial Inheritance -- 2.1 Deficit phobia: from international public credit to domestic credit -- 2.2 Easing the tax burden -- 3 French Inspiration -- 3.1 Expansion of state finance -- 3.2 Authority and control of the king's money -- 3.3 Bourbon management of the inherited public debt -- 4 The Spanish System -- 4.1 Revenue control -- 4.2 Expenditure control -- 4.3 Arbitrariness and public debt phobia

Since its inception in the 1960s to the regional negotiations in the 1990s and onwards, Central American integration has been a process characterized by both dramatic advances and setbacks. This book provides a theoretical explanation of this ebb and flow, examining different stages including the military conflicts of the 1980s, the subsequent Esquipulas peace process, and the relaunch of integration during the 1990s under the System of Central American Integration (SICA).Sánchez Sánchez's analysis focuses on the policies and preferences of the larger states of the region, Costa Rica.

Art has long called for a more fulfilling future by appealing to individual emancipation, organisational emancipation and the ¿coming community¿. In parallel, proposals are emerging that complicate some of the strategic assumptions of such rhetoric, since they are inseparable from a given cultural logic related to the liberal subject. Proposals making the case for a fatigue that is capable of deactivating the ¿neuronal violence¿ that contemporary capitalism unleashes (Han); the political potential of ¿exhaustion¿ (Bifo); and the need to recover sleep after its attack (Crary), would become programmatic restrictions that have endorsed numerous practices and talks speculating on a future that should no longer be thought of from the perspective of forms of action linked to the insurrectional tradition. Indeed, it would not be difficult to link these speculations to a longer philosophical, aesthetic tradition that challenged the so-called vita activa as a preliminary step towards establishing a better future. This article aims to address the implications of these ¿escape channels¿ on the basis of art and literature from the point of view of their close links with an ideological and economic situation that in one way or another overdetermine the proliferation of futures, that ¿after the hard work¿ they will only be viable through resignation therapeutics. ; El arte lleva largo tiempo reivindicando un futuro más pleno apelando a la emancipación individual, la autonomía organizativa o la «comunidad que viene». Paralelamente, emergen propuestas que problematizan algunos de los presupuestos estratégicos de dichas retóricas, en cuanto que resultan indisociables de una determinada lógica cultural afín al sujeto liberal. Las apologías de un cansancio susceptible de desactivar la «violencia neuronal» que despliega el capitalismo contemporáneo (Han), la potencialidad política de la «extenuación» (Bifo) o la necesidad de «recuperar el sueño tras su asalto» (Crary) vendrían a ser coartadas programáticas que han hecho suyas numerosas prácticas y discursos que especulan con un futuro que ya no deberá pensarse desde formas de acción vinculadas a la tradición insurreccional. De hecho, no costaría demasiado vincular esas especulaciones a una larga tradición filosófica y estética que cuestionó determinada vita activa como paso previo para fundar un futuro mejor. El presente artículo pretende abordar las implicaciones de esas «líneas de fuga» a partir del arte y de la literatura desde sus estrechos vínculos con una coyuntura ideológica y económica que de una manera u otra sobredetermina la proliferación de futuros, que «tras los duros trabajos», solo serán viables desde terapéuticas de la renuncia.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between the ability, motivation and opportunity model, and organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB) as a result variable, using the perceived organisational support (POS) as a moderator of this relationship.Design/methodology/approachThe hypotheses developed here are tested using data from a sample of Spanish firms belonging to two industries: finance and hotels. These sectors were selected due to the serious impact the recent financial crisis had on them, and because they may benefit from extra-role behaviours.FindingsThe results reveal that ability and motivation significantly influence the level of OCB. POS also has a notable direct effect on OCB, as well as moderating in the relationship between opportunity and OCB.Originality/valueThe study's findings have some important lessons for practitioners and researchers with an interest in OCB, showing how to improve these extra-role behaviours, which can be so necessary in this post-crisis context.

We study the relationship between trade openness and CEO pay dispersion across firms. Using US firm‐level data, we show that trade has an unequal effect on CEO equilibrium pay at firms of different sizes (sales). An increase of 10% in the industry openness degree raises CEO compensation by about 14% in firms at the 99th percentile of the size distribution. However, CEO compensation falls by 5% in firms at the 1st percentile. Analogous results are derived for other points of the distribution. Our results show that trade openness impacts inequality within the very top of the income distribution, where skill differentials are less evident.

[EN] During the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries, three-section cantilevered stone stairways supported by vaults of complex warped shapes were built along Spain's Mediterranean coast. Presented here are five case studies. The geometric analyses and the comparative study with the relevant treatise illustrate the existence of a geometric construction method. The process involves handling elevation and plan projections simultaneously to obtain the geometric center of the curves that delimit these vaults. The simplicity of the geometric formula applied relies on the use of dimensional references obtained from the stairwell measurements. ; This article was conducted within the R&D project "Geographies of artistic mobility. Valencia in the Modern Age" (HAR 2017-83070-P), financed by the Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness of the Government of Spain. All images are by the authors unless otherwise noted. ; López González, MC.; Marín-Sánchez, R. (2020). Ashlar Staircases with Warped Vaults in Sixteenth- to Eighteenth-Century Spain. Nexus Network Journal (Online). 22(4):959-981. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00004-020-00519-8 ; S ; 959 ; 981 ; 22 ; 4 ; Almagro Gorbea, Antonio. 2019. Half a century documenting the architectural heritage with photogrametry. EGE Revista de expresión gráfica en la edificación [S.l.] 11: 4-30. https://doi.org/10.4995/ege.2019.12863. ; Benito Domenech, Fernando. 1981. La arquitectura del Colegio del Patriarca y sus artífices. Valencia: Federico Domenech. ; Bérchez Gómez, Joaquín. 1987. Los comienzos de la arquitectura académica en Valencia: Antonio Gilabert. Valencia: Alfons el Magnànim. ; Bérchez Gómez, Joaquín. 1993. Arquitectura Barroca valenciana. Valencia: Bancaja. ; Equizzi, Giulia. 2019. La escalera de patio del palacio de En Bou de Valencia: traza, construcción y estructura. Master's thesis. Universitat Politècnica de València. ; Falomir Faus, Miguel. 1996. Arte en Valencia, 1472-1522. Valencia: Consell Valencià de Cultura. ; Gelabert, Joseph. 2011. Vertaderas traçes del ...

Taxation is accepted as a fact of modern life, despite recurring political conflict over the nature and direction of fiscal policies. Most financiers regard obligations issued by the state as a safe investment option. Neither taxation nor state obligations were taken for granted during much of the history of public finance, however, at least not before the early 1800s. The 'tax state' developed in fits and starts, driven by the exigencies of warfare, which provided the main rationale for raising state income. Although wartime fiscal innovations eventually facilitated the rise of an efficient military state, the options available for implementing such improvements and preferences for specific fiscal or financial instruments varied greatly across early modern states. Focusing on the 'long' eighteenth century, this introduction presents a framework for assessing these differences and introduces the other articles in this special issue.

On the last decades, European countries have increased their focus on local production systems as a matter of industrial policy measures. Based on the works related to industrial districts of Becatini (1989), Brusco (1990), Ybarra (1991 and 1996) and Dei Ottati (1994), or the later contributions of Porter (1998a) about productive clusters, Governments have taken measures to stimulate the creation and strengthening of clusters. However, the progressive extension of cluster policies has highlighted the constraints of rationality on which it is based and the criteria used to evaluate their impact and effectiveness. Consequently, the traditional arguments based on the neoclassical concept of efficiency and the advantages of external economies have given way to a new paradigm that gives a central role to organizational learning, collective decision-making and networks as governance structure. The new approach to the analysis of production networks exceeds the territorial or sectorial boundaries to highlight the dynamic and complex nature of the relationships established between actors in the cluster. The approach of governance, as a starting point for the analysis of production networks, opens a new perspective in the assessment of the potential impact of cluster development and the effectiveness of measures aimed to their promotion. Based on the theoretical premises above mentioned, this paper aims to the analysis and valuation of the aid scheme of Innovative Business Partnerships (AEI) sponsored by the Spanish government. This study is based both on traditional analysis of the implementation and impact indicators, as in the analysis of the AEI program's ability to promote the adoption of models of governance and collective action to enhance the competitive capabilities of the cluster.

In recent years, there has been an increasing amount of research analyzing open government initiatives that enable access to the information held by public bodies, promoting accountability and the fight against corruption. As there are few studies on intermediate governments to date, this research focuses on this level of government in Spain, one of the most decentralized countries in the world. The autonomous communities in Spain manage over 35% of consolidated public spending and are responsible for providing most social services, including health, education, and social services. To achieve this goal, the perceptions of the seventeen heads of open government in Spain's autonomous communities were collected through a questionnaire. This approach fills a research gap as individuals outside of public administration have made the previous assessments. By allowing for a comparison with the conclusions reached by prior research, this study contributes to the creation of new knowledge. The study's results are consistent with previous research and suggest that the open government in Spain is positively regarded, not falling below the European or global averages, and has a promising future despite significant obstacles, such as a resistance to change. Transparency is the most developed aspect of open government, while citizen collaboration ranks last. The autonomous communities of the Basque Country, Aragon, Castile Leon, and Catalonia have been identified as the most advanced in terms of open government. The analysis did not reveal any gender-based differences in opinion. Still, it did show variations based on age, the size of the autonomous community, or membership to the most developed group. Therefore, it is evident that promoting open government in the autonomous communities of Spain should continue.