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This article describes and examines the rural violence associated with the Unidad Popular's (UP) implementation of the Agrarian Reform in the province of Llanquihue, as well as the limits faced by the government in dealing with the situation. Th e analysis focuses on one of the most dramatic yet unknown cases from the period: the shooting death of three peasants in the "Mirador" ranch near the town of Frutillar, which was carried out by a group of landowners and members of Patria y Libertad. Despite the government's involvement in the aft ermath, nobody was found guilty due to the landowners' privileged access to the justice system. While these events occurred within the context of the country's progressive social and political radicalization, therelatively late appearance at the local level of groups specializing in the use of violence helps to explain this dramatic episode. ; El artículo describe y examina la violencia rural asociada con la implementación de la Reforma Agraria en la provincia de Llanquihue durante la Unidad Popular (UP), y los límites que enfrentó el gobierno para manejar esta situación. Se analiza uno de los casos más dramáticos y desconocidos de este periodo, como fue la balacera ocurrida en el fundo "Mirador" cerca de Frutillar, donde un grupo de agricultores y miembros de "Patria y Libertad" asesinaron a tres campesinos. A pesar de que el gobierno intervino en estos hechos, nadie sería declarado culpable, debido al acceso privilegiado de los agricultores a la Justicia formal. Estos hechos ocurrirían en un contexto de progresiva radicalización social y política en el país, mientras que a nivel local sería la tardía aparición de grupos especialistas en violencia, lo que explicaría este dramático caso.

This article analyzes the response of agricultural landowners from the Southern Province of Llanquihue towards rural workers' unprecedented mobilization during Chile's Agrarian Reform, between 1970 and the period right after Salvador Allende's election (1970-1971). It states that landowners developed flexible and complex strategies in which they combined both, their own benefits due to their social position in the local society and, the advantages offered by the national political context. In turn, it was observed that local politics reached such a level of conflict that specific responses from the recently elected government emerged in order to minimize the possible political consequences of the rural workers' movement. This is the reason why it was necessary for the government to subtly and temporally ally with local elites to achieve a successful negotiation. ; El artículo analiza la respuesta de los propietarios agrícolas de la provincia de Llanquihue ante la inédita movilización rural que experimentó esta provincia entre 1970 y el periodo inmediatamente posterior a la elección de Salvador Allende. Se afirma que los propietarios agrícolas desarrollaron respuestas flexibles y complejas en las que combinaron los recursos que les otorgaba su posición en la sociedad local así como las ventajas que le ofrecía el contexto de la política nacional. A su vez, se observa que el curso de la política local alcanzó tal grado de conflictividad que motivó respuestas específicas desde el recién instalado gobierno con el objetivo de minimizar las consecuencias políticas que el movimiento de los obreros rurales pudiera traer consigo. Para esto, fue necesario aliarse sutil y temporalmente con las élites locales a fin de lograr una negociación exitosa.

Equal participation of women and men in industrial research is still a major challenge for the European Union. In most European countries, female graduates proportionately outnumber male graduates. However, scientific research and technological development remain male-dominated, especially in industry. Construction is one of the most important industrial sectors in terms of economic growth and employmet, but very little is known about the role of women in construction research and the factors that are hindering a more equal presence of women and men. As result of an extensive field work undertaken at European level, this paper offers a picture of the current situation of women in construction research that shows evidences of important inequalities. This work has allowed the development of recommendations for empowering women in construction research, addressing the opportunities for moving towards gender equality in this field. To invest in human capital for research is seen as an outstanding necessity within construction sector, and both women and men should fully develop their potential. ; La participación equitativa de mujeres y hombres en la investigación científica y el desarrollo tecnológico (I+D) es todavía un desafío por alcanzar en la Unión Europea. Las mujeres europeas siguen estando infra-representadas en este espacio, especialmente en los sectores industriales, a pesar de que en la mayoría de los países miembros la proporción de graduadas excede a la de graduados varones. Esta comunicación presenta cómo es la situación de las investigadoras en el sector de la construcción en Europa, centrando la atención en el papel que juegan en la I+D de este sector, su influencia, perspectivas de futuro, retos y oportunidades. Se presentan los principales resultados soportados por un extensivo trabajo de campo cofinanciado por la Comisión Europea, que muestran una situación de importante desigualdad. Este trabajo ha originado la propuesta de un conjunto de recomendaciones dirigidas a fortalecer la presencia femenina en el ámbito de la I+D en la construcción, e impulsar medios específicos que favorezcan la inhibición de las dificultades que encuentran las mujeres en su profesión científica. Más que nunca, en estos momentos de recesión económica, será necesario invertir en capital humano para la I+D, permitiendo que tanto las mujeres como los hombres puedan desplegar plenamente su potencial.

El propósito de este artículo es analizar la antropología que subyace en el pensamiento de Emmanuel Lévinas como fundamento de la pedagogía del otro. Se comienza con la reflexión del otro como vía de acceso a la interpretación de lo humano. Se aportan argumentos que explican la crítica radical del yo como cogito y se descubren las características centrales de la antropología levinasiana: la relación con el otro como vía de construcción humana; esa relación es radicalmente heterónoma; la presencia del otro es una exigencia que se convierte en responsabilidad. Esta antropología inspira otro modo de educar que repercute en la relación del educador y del educando. Se indican las condiciones necesarias que el educador debe asumir desde esta nueva perspectiva educativa. Por último, se señalan dos valores que dan consistencia a la relación educativa: la práctica del diálogo y el aprendizaje de la compasión. ; Cet article précise comment l'autorité dans son ensemble: philosophiquement, politiquement et culturellement, en particulier dans l'éducation dans la famille, traverse une crise historique qui a augmenté de nos jours. Dans le contexte social dans lequel nous sommes, la figure formative parentale a perdu la force qu'elle possédait dans un autre temps. Ainsi, il a été avec l'avènement de la mondialisation et les coutumes qui sont vécu dans de nombreux foyers, et en particulier avec la propagation entre les enfants de l'accès aux réseaux sociaux. Compte tenu de cette réalité, sont analysés à partir d'un point de vue philosophique éducatif les modes les plus appropriés dont les parents peuvent récupérer et renforcer son autorité éducative, qui, grâce son utilisation peuvent obtenir l'accès aux réseaux sociaux qui contribuent à la formation des enfants. Ils se forment pour atteindre l'équilibre émotionnel et le développement personnel dont toute éducation a besoin.

Este trabajo presenta un análisis del contenido científico de los programas electorales. Con este estudio se pretende determinar cuáles son las exigencias cognitivas que este tipo de documentos demandan en la ciudadanía. Para ello, se han analizado los programas de los cuatro partidos de ámbito estatal que consiguieron mayor número de votos en las elecciones generales de 2011. Los resultados muestran que los partidos tratan diversos temas de carácter científico-tecnológico en sus programas. Por otro lado, el análisis de las exigencias cognitivas de un tópico concreto -energía- parece demandar la posesión de ciertos conocimientos elevados de tipo científico, tecnológico, medioambiental y económico. Las conclusiones recogen algunas consideraciones desde la didáctica de las ciencias experimentales respecto a este tipo de contenidos sociocientíficos que tanto afectan a la ciudadanía. ; This paper presents an analysis of the scientific content of the electoral programs. The aim of this study is to identify the cognitive demands of these documents on the citizenship. In order to do that, we have analysed the programs of the four most voted national parties in the general elections on 2011 [in Spain]. The results show that the parties deal with various topics of scientific and technological nature in their programs. Furthermore, the analysis of the cognitive demands of a particular topic -energy- seems to demand the possession of a high particular knowledge in science, technology, environment and economy. The conclusions indicate some guidance from the teaching of experimental sciences to work this kind of social-scientific content that highly affect citizens.

Dynamic corrosion tests have been compared in a novel ternary molten salt containing LiNO3 between a dynamic reactor (using a mechanical stirrer) and a molten salt pilot plant (1 Ton of capacity). Results obtained showed a higher increase in corrosion rate in flow conditions compared with the conventional static conditions and the stirrer reactor. ; The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support provided by CONICYT / FONDAP 15110019 "Solar Energy Research Center" SERC-Chile, FIC-R 30413089 funded by Antofagasta Government and Rockwood Lithium company.

An integrated assessment of the potential of different management practices for mitigating specific components of the total GHG budget (N2O and CH4 emissions and C sequestration) of Mediterranean agrosystems was performed in this study. Their suitability regarding both yield and environmental (e.g. nitrate leaching and ammonia volatilization) sustainability, and regional barriers and opportunities for their implementation were also considered. Based on its results best strategies to abate GHG emissions in Mediterranean agro-systems were proposed. Adjusting N fertilization to crop needs in both irrigated and rain-fed systems could reduce N2O emissions up to 50% compared with a non-adjusted practice. Substitution of N synthetic fertilizers by solid manure can be also implemented in those systems, and may abate N2O emissions by about 20% under Mediterranean conditions, with additional indirect benefits associated to energy savings and positive effects in crop yields. The use of urease and nitrification inhibitors enhances N use efficiency of the cropping systems and may mitigate N2O emissions up to 80% and 50%, respectively. The type of irrigation may also have a great mitigation potential in the Mediterranean region. Drip-irrigated systems have on average 80% lower N2O emissions than sprinkler systems and drip-irrigation combined with optimized fertilization showed a reduction in direct N2O emissions up to 50%. Methane fluxes have a relatively small contribution to the total GHG budget of Mediterranean crops, which can mostly be controlled by careful management of the water table and organic inputs in paddies. Reduced soil tillage, improved management of crop residues and agro-industry by-products, and cover cropping in orchards, are the most suitable interventions to enhance organic C stocks in Mediterranean agricultural soils. The adoption of the proposed agricultural practices will require farmers training. The global analysis of life cycle emissions associated to irrigation type (drip, sprinkle and furrow) and N fertilization rate (100 and 300 kg N ha 1 yr 1) revealed that these factors may outweigh the reduction in GHG emissions beyond the plot scale. The analysis of the impact of some structural changes on top-down mitigation of GHG emissions revealed that 3-15% of N2O emissions could be suppressed by avoiding food waste at the end-consumer level. A 40% reduction in meat and dairy consumption could reduce GHG emissions by 20-30%. Reintroducing the Mediterranean diet (i.e. 35% intake of animal protein) would therefore result in a significant decrease of GHG emissions from agricultural production systems under Mediterranean conditions. ; The authors would like to thank the Spanish National R+D+i Plan (AGL2012-37815-C05-01, AGL2012-37815-C05-04) and very specifically the workshop held in December 2016 in Butrón (Bizkaia) to synthesize the most promising measures to reduce N2O emissions from Spanish agricultural soils. BC3 is sponsored by the Basque Government. M. L. Cayuela thanks Fundación Seneca for financing the project 19281/PI/14. This paper has been produced within the context of the REMEDIA network.

Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the Spanish National R+D+i Plan (AGL2012-37815-C05-01, AGL2012-37815-C05-04) and very specifically the workshop held in December 2016 in Butrón (Bizkaia) to synthesize the most promising measures to reduce N2O emissions from Spanish agricultural soils. BC3 is sponsored by the Basque Government. M. L. Cayuela thanks Fundación Seneca for financing the project 19281/PI/14. This paper has been produced within the context of the REMEDIA network: http://redremedia.wordpress.com/. ; Peer reviewed ; Postprint ; Postprint

88 Pags.- 4 Figs.- 3 Tabls. The definitive version is available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01678809 This article belongs to a special issue "Quantification and mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions in Mediterranean cropping systems" / Edited By Alberto Sanz-Cobena, Luis Lassaletta, Josette Garnier and Pete Smith, available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01678809/238/supp/C ; An integrated assessment of the potential of different management practices for mitigating specific components of the total GHG budget (N2O and CH4 emissions and C sequestration) of Mediterranean agrosystems was performed in this study. Their suitability regarding both yield and environmental (e.g. nitrate leaching and ammonia volatilization) sustainability, and regional barriers and opportunities for their implementation were also considered. Based on its results best strategies to abate GHG emissions in Mediterranean agro-systems were proposed. Adjusting N fertilization to crop needs in both irrigated and rain-fed systems could reduce N2O emissions up to 50% compared with a non-adjusted practice. Substitution of N synthetic fertilizers by solid manure can be also implemented in those systems, and may abate N2O emissions by about 20% under Mediterranean conditions, with additional indirect benefits associated to energy savings and positive effects in crop yields. The use of urease and nitrification inhibitors enhances N use efficiency of the cropping systems and may mitigate N2O emissions up to 80% and 50%, respectively. The type of irrigation may also have a great mitigation potential in the Mediterranean region. Drip-irrigated systems have on average 80% lower N2O emissions than sprinkler systems and drip-irrigation combined with optimized fertilization showed a reduction in direct N2O emissions up to 50%. Methane fluxes have a relatively small contribution to the total GHG budget of Mediterranean crops, which can mostly be controlled by careful management of the water table and organic inputs in paddies. Reduced soil tillage, improved management of crop residues and agro-industry by-products, and cover cropping in orchards, are the most suitable interventions to enhance organic C stocks in Mediterranean agricultural soils. The adoption of the proposed agricultural practices will require farmers training. The global analysis of life cycle emissions associated to irrigation type (drip, sprinkle and furrow) and N fertilization rate (100 and 300 kg N ha−1 yr−1) revealed that these factors may outweigh the reduction in GHG emissions beyond the plot scale. The analysis of the impact of some structural changes on top-down mitigation of GHG emissions revealed that 3–15% of N2O emissions could be suppressed by avoiding food waste at the end-consumer level. A 40% reduction in meat and dairy consumption could reduce GHG emissions by 20–30%. Reintroducing the Mediterranean diet (i.e. ∼35% intake of animal protein) would therefore result in a significant decrease of GHG emissions from agricultural production systems under Mediterranean conditions. ; The authors would like to thank the Spanish National R+D+i Plan (AGL2012-37815-C05-01, AGL2012-37815-C05-04) and very specifically the workshop held in December 2016 in Butrón (Bizkaia) to synthesize the most promising measures to reduce N2O emissions from Spanish agricultural soils. BC3 is sponsored by the Basque Government. M. L. Cayuela thanks Fundación Seneca for financing the project 19281/PI/14. This paper has been produced within the context of the REMEDIA network: http://redremedia.wordpress.com/. ; Peer reviewed