Suchergebnisse

Intro -- Preface -- Mexican Business Culture in Trade Books -- Past and Present -- Discussion Questions -- Key Learning Terms -- References -- Tradition and Modern Aspects of Mexican Corporate Culture -- A Culture with Traditional Characteristics -- Family Businesses -- Paternalistic-Benevolent Leadership -- Modern Characteristics of the Mexican Corporate Culture -- Participatory Management -- Competitiveness in Manufacturing -- Managerial Capability -- Innovation -- Social Responsibility -- Toward a Mexican Corporate Culture for the 21st Century -- Discussion Questions -- Key Learning Terms -- References -- Entrepreneurship in Mexico Past and Present -- Current Situation -- What Happens to the Start-Ups? -- What Are Entrepreneurs Like? -- What Are the Challenges for Entrepreneurs? -- Perspectives -- Recommendations for Entrepreneurs in the U.S. with Interest in Interacting with Mexicans -- Conclusion -- Discussion Questions -- Key Learning Terms -- References -- Reconfiguration of Major Companies and Entrepreneur Subjects in Mexico -- Culture, Productive Strategies and Relationships with the State -- The Configuration of the State Patrimonial Family in the 21st Century -- Reconfiguration of the State Patrimonial Family Configuration -- The Subordination to the State Configuration in the 21st Century -- Reconfiguration of the Subordination to the State Configuration (Televisa and Telcel) -- Conclusions: Business Reconfiguration in Mexico, Roots of Culture and State Links -- Discussion Questions -- Key Learning Terms -- Notes -- References -- Human Capital Development in Mexico -- The Role of the Government in Training and Development -- The Role of NAFTA on Training and Development -- The Role of Organization Size on Training and Development -- The Role of National Culture on Training.

Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) is an enteric coronavirus causing high morbidity and mortality in porcine herds worldwide, that possesses both enteric and respiratory tropism. The ability to replicate in the enteric tract directly correlates with virulence, as TGEVs with an exclusive respiratory tropism are attenuated. The tissue tropism is determined by spike (S) protein, although the molecular bases for enteric tropism remain to be fully characterized. Both pAPN and sialic acid binding domains (aa 506–655 and 145–155, respectively) are necessary but not sufficient for enteric tract infection. Using a TGEV infectious cDNA and enteric (TGEV-SC11) or respiratory (TGEV-SPTV) isolates, encoding a full-length S protein, a set of chimeric recombinant viruses, with a sequential modification in S protein amino terminus, was engineered. In vivo tropism, either enteric, respiratory or both, was studied by inoculating three-day-old piglets and analyzing viral titers in lung and gut. The data indicated that U655>G change in S gene (S219A in S protein) was required to confer enteric tropism to a respiratory virus that already contains the pAPN and sialic acid binding domains in its S protein. Moreover, an engineered virus containing U655>G and a 6 nt insertion at position 1124 (Y374-T375insND in S protein) was genetically stable after passage in cell cultures, and increased virus titers in gut by 1000-fold. We postulated that the effect of these residues in enteric tropism may be mediated by the modification of both glycosaminoglycan binding and S protein structure. ; This research was funded by grants from the Government of Spain (BIO2013-42869-R and BIO2016-75549-R AEI/FEDER, UE), the European Zoonotic Anticipation and Preparedness Initiative (ZAPI) (IMI_JU_115760), and the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) (2P01AI060699 awarded to L.E. and I.S.).