Suchergebnisse

Con la firma, en diciembre de 1995, de la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas para el Cambio Climático (CMCC) y ratificar el Protocolo de Kyoto, en noviembre de 1998, El Salvador no sólo adquirió los compromisos legales vinculados a esos instrumentos legales, sino que también demostró su voluntad de unirse a los esfuerzos globales que se hacen para reducir los impactos adversos del cambio climático. No hay duda de que lo único que traerá el efecto del calentamiento de la tierra a países como El Salvador es un impacto negativo sobre su crecimiento económico y su sustentabilidad ambiental. Condiciones de lluvia inusuales durante el invierno y largos períodos de sequía en el verano, son pronosticadas con mayor frecuencia por el servicio meteorológico. En muy pocas ocasiones El Salvador ha sido embestido directamente por la fuerza de un huracán, pero sí ha recibido la lluvia incensa, asociada con este fenómeno natural. Así, la carencia de diques e infraestructura adecuada augura más inundaciones y daños en la agricultura, en los años venideros. Este trabajo intenta resumir las condiciones socioeconómicas actuales del país y las iniciativas y el trabajo institucional desarrollado hasta el momento y su vulnerabilidad a los efectos del calentamiento del planeta.
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 56, No. 636, 2001: 955-985.

Trabajo de Fin de Máster del Máster en Profesor de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria y Bachillerato, Formación Profesional y Enseñanza de Idiomas, curso 2018/2019 ; [ES]En el presente Trabajo de Fin de Máster se desarrollan dos unidades didácticas para cuarto curso de la Educación Secundaria Obligatoria en el itinerario de aplicadas mediante la aplicación web de Classcraft, destinada a la gamificación. Dichas unidades pertenecen al Bloque 3 del currículo de Tecnología, correspondiente a la Electrónica tanto analógica como digital. Para el desarrollo del trabajo, en primer lugar se realiza una justificación de la selección de los contenidos y se establecen los objetivos a desarrollar en el mismo. Posteriormente se contextualizan las unidades dentro del marco legislativo y se detallan los elementos potenciales de la implementación de la metodología escogida. Una vez tratados los aspectos más genéricos del trabajo, se procede al desarrollo de las unidades didácticas como tal, definiendo los objetivos de las mismas dentro de la materia de Tecnología, los contenidos recogidos en el currículo y los estándares de aprendizaje evaluables. Asimismo, se explicitan los pasos a seguir para la adecuada implementación de la metodología de aprendizaje, considerando los criterios de agrupamiento en el aula, así como los materiales y recursos didácticos necesarios. Se realiza una propuesta de secuencia y temporalización de los contenidos, desarrollando las diversas actividades, asociadas a los contenidos, estándares y competencias clave y los instrumentos de evaluación utilizados para la consecución de los mismos. A continuación se describen los criterios que permiten evaluar tanto el grado de consecución de los objetivos y estándares por parte del alumnado, como la calidad del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Finalmente, se analizan las dificultades encontradas durante la realización del trabajo, así como las que puede presentar la implementación de esta metodología. Del mismo modo, se valoran también las ventajas que proporciona la misma y el potencial de desarrollo en la educación secundaria. ; [EN]In the present Master's thesis two didactic units of fourth grade of Secondary School in the applied itinerary are developed through the use of gamification web application Classcraft. These units belong to the third block of contents of the Technology Curriculum, corresponding to both analog and digital Electronics. For the development of this written assignment, a justification of content selection and the setting of the goals to develop in it are firstly made. Subsequently, the contextualization of the units within the legal framework is fulfilled and the potential elements of the selected methodology implementation are described. Once the most generic aspects of the assignment are treated, the didactic units are developed, defining their goals within the Technology subject, their contents gathered up in the curriculum and the evaluable learning standards. Likewise, the steps to follow in order to reach the appropriated implementation of this learning methodology are explicitly mentioned. In order to do that, class grouping criteria is considered. The materials and didactic resources needed are also described. A content sequence and timing proposal is made by developing the different activities, appropriately associated to the contents, standards, key competences and evaluation instruments used to achieve them. So, coming up next the criteria that allow evaluate the goal and standards achievement by the students are described. So are the criteria followed to evaluate the quality of the teaching-learning process. To conclude, both the difficulties found during the completion of the current thesis and the difficulties the implementation of this methodology itself may present are analyzed. In the same way, the advantages this methodology offers and its development potential in secondary education are appraised.

El presente artículo presenta un análisis sobre el surgimiento y consolidación del cacicazgo en las organizaciones del transporte público del noreste del Estado de México. A partir del análisis de este caso, se llega a la conclusión de que la presencia actual del caciquismo en tanto forma de ejercicio del poder informal, personalista y arbitrario, constituye uno de los retos de la democracia en México.

Partiendo de reconocer la importancia fundamental del sistema energético para la sustentabilidad del desarrollo, este artículo analiza las características principales del proceso de reforma de los subsectores de energía eléctrica e hidrocarburos de El Salvador. Ello con el fin de poner en evidencia los principales desafíos que debe enfrentar el Estado a la hora de formular una política energética responsable con el medioambiente y capaz de responder a las necesidades económicas y sociales del país.
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 63, No. 711-712, 2008: 9-32.

© 2019 Marín-Menguiano et al. ; Fungal pathogenesis depends on accurate secretion and location of virulence factors which drive host colonization. Protein glycosylation is a common posttranslational modification of cell wall components and other secreted factors, typically required for correct protein localization, secretion and function. Thus, the absence of glycosylation is associated with animal and plant pathogen avirulence. While the relevance of protein glycosylation for pathogenesis has been well established, the main glycoproteins responsible for the loss of virulence observed in glycosylation-defective fungi have not been identified. Here, we devise a proteomics approach to identify such proteins and use it to demonstrate a role for the highly conserved protein disulfide isomerase Pdi1 in virulence. We show that efficient Pdi1 N-glycosylation, which promotes folding into the correct protein conformation, is required for full pathogenic development of the corn smut fungus Ustilago maydis. Remarkably, the observed virulence defects are reminiscent of those seen in glycosylation-defective cells suggesting that the N-glycosylation of Pdi1 is necessary for the full secretion of virulence factors. All these observations, together with the fact that Pdi1 protein and RNA expression levels rise upon virulence program induction, suggest that Pdi1 glycosylation is important for normal pathogenic development in U. maydis. Our results provide new insights into the role of glycosylation in fungal pathogenesis. ; MMM was supported by P09- AGR-5241 Junta de Andalucía. IMS was awarded by BES-2014-069149 MINECO AEI/FEDER, UE, Spain. This work was supported by Junta de Andalucía P09- AGR-5241 grant (https://www.juntadeandalucia.es/organismos/economiaconocimientoempresasyuniversidad.html), Spanish Government BIO2013–48858-P and BIO2016-80180-P grants from MINECO AEI/FEDER, UE to JII and Ramon y Cajal program, RyC-2016-19659 to AFA (http://www.mineco.gob.es/portal/site/mineco/).

Since companies are the bases of the economy in Mexico, there is an increased interest on the part of the government to boost their growth through various programs, but the increased international competition, mergers, acquisitions and recurring economic crises, give rise to a social and economic phenomenon that is repeated on a daily basis: "unemployment". To offset this problem, it is necessary to implement Outplacement programs that Mexican companies can follow internally and a solid strategy for Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), which would be designed to restrain the periods of work cutback and minimize the psychological and social impact on those affected. This article discusses the importance of challenging a reality related to Outplacement for Mexican companies, the importance of this phenomenon as part of CSR and some ideas for profit and steps to implement a program.

Ecological restoration is key to counteracting anthropogenic degradation of biodiversity and to reducing disaster risk. However, there is limited knowledge of barriers hindering the wider implementation of restoration practices, despite high level political priority to halt the loss of biodiversity. In Europe, progress on ecological restoration has been slow and insufficient to meet international agreements and comply with European Union Nature Directives. We assessed European restoration experts' perceptions on barriers to restoration in Europe, and their relative importance, through a multiple expert consultation using a Delphi process. We found that experts share a common multi‐dimensional concept of ecological restoration. Experts identified a large number of barriers (33) to the advancement of ecological restoration in Europe. Major barriers pertained to the socio‐economic, not the environmental, domain. The three most important being insufficient funding, conflicting interests among different stakeholders and low political priority given to restoration. Our results emphasize the need to increase political commitment at all levels, comply with existing nature laws, and optimize the use of financial resources by increasing funds for ecological restoration and eradicate environmentally harmful subsidies. The experts also call for the integration of ecological restoration into land‐use planning and facilitating stakeholders' collaboration. Our study identifies key barriers, discusses ways to overcome the main barriers to ER in Europe, and contributes knowledge to support the implementation of the European Biodiversity Strategy for 2030, and the EU 2030 Restoration Plan in particular. ; We appreciate the support given by BiodivERsA (project funded under the EU Horizon 2020 ERA-NET COFUND scheme), and the EKLIPSE project (European Union Horizon 2020 grant agreement 690474), and particularly by Juliette C. Young. JCS research is financially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Education and Universities and European Regional Development Funds (FEDER; project COSTERA, RTI2018-095954-B-I00). PMRG research is funded by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) through FCT Investigator Program grant number IF/00059/2015, and Centro de Estudos Florestais is supported by FCT grants UID/AGR/00239/2019 and UIDB/00239/2020.

The requirement for Cas nucleases to recognize a specific PAM is a major restriction for genome editing. SpCas9 variants SpG and SpRY, recognizing NGN and NRN PAMs, respectively, have contributed to increase the number of editable genomic sites in cell cultures and plants. However, their use has not been demonstrated in animals. Here we study the nuclease activity of SpG and SpRY by targeting 40 sites in zebrafish and C. elegans. Delivered as mRNA-gRNA or ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes, SpG and SpRY were able to induce mutations in vivo, albeit at a lower rate than SpCas9 in equivalent formulations. This lower activity was overcome by optimizing mRNA-gRNA or RNP concentration, leading to mutagenesis at regions inaccessible to SpCas9. We also found that the CRISPRscan algorithm could help to predict SpG and SpRY targets with high activity in vivo. Finally, we applied SpG and SpRY to generate knock-ins by homology-directed repair. Altogether, our results expand the CRISPR-Cas targeting genomic landscape in animals. ; This study at Cerón Lab has been funded by Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, which is part of Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI), through the Retos grant, number PID2020-114986RB-100. This work was also supported by Ramon y Cajal (RyC-2017-23041) and MDM-2016-0687 programs (Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades), Universidad Pablo de Olavide (UPO) Research and the Springboard programs from UPO and CABD, respectively and has been co-funded by the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) and Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades de la Junta de Andalucía, within the operative program FEDER Andalucía 2014-2020 (01 - Refuerzo de la investigación, el desarrollo tecnológico y la innovación, grant P20_00866) (M.A.M.-M.). The Moreno-Mateos lab is supported by PGC2018-097260-B-I00 grant from Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades and European Union. J.V. had an INPhINIT PhD fellowship from "la Caixa" ...