The Romans sometimes took it upon themselves to request the military cooperation of new allies : in a position of weakness while negotiating, they had to make concessions and bring immediate benefits to their future partners in order to win the case. These agreements were negotiated in the field of military operations, with or without the authorization of the Senate, by magistrates or legates who took significant risks to reach their goals. Some of these agreements were ratified in Rome by the Senate and the people, and they sometimes created strong and lasting bonds between the two partners. It also happened that Rome failed in its attempts, or that the new allies turned out to be unreliable in the long run, but the Romans were partly responsible for these failures.
Many modern historians believe that Rome's domination over Latium in the 5th and 4th centuries B.C. was considerably exaggerated by the annalistic tradition, and they have used a famous fragment of the antiquarian Lucius Cincius to show that, at that time, Rome exerted military command only in turn with the cities of the Latin League ; some have concluded from it that Rome was herself a member of this league ; others have deduced from this passage that the generals designated by Rome were « Latin » or « federal » magistrates, distinct from the traditional magistrates of the Roman Republic. In fact, a closer lexical, grammatical and institutional analysis of the passage shows that Cincius provides the same information as the annalistic tradition : according to him, Rome was not part of the Latin League, and when the two allies fought together in the name of the foedus Cassianum, it was always the Romans who were in charge of military operations. The command of the allied armies was entrusted to a magistrate of the Roman Republic, either a praetor/consul, a military tribune with consular power, or a dictator, designated according to the usual procedure : before leaving Rome, the general took the auspices on the Capitol in order to obtain from the gods the confirmation of the military powers which had been conferred upon him, and he was greeted with the title of praetor by the Latin armies at the gate of the city.
Julien A l i q u o t, Inscriptions grecques et latines de la Syrie 11 — Mont Hermon (Liban etSyrie), Beyrouth 2008 (P. Alpass: 307)Nicolò Giuseppe B r a n c a t o, Repertorium delle trasmissioni del gentilizio nel mondo romano sulla base della documentazione epigrafica. Vol. I Provinciae, Roma 2009; Id., Repertorium delle trasmissioni del gentilizio nel mondo romano sulla base della documentazione epigrafica. Vol. II Italia — Epilogus, Roma 2011 (F. Cenerini:310)Giuseppe C a m o d e c a, I ceti dirigenti di rango senatorio equestre e decurionaledella Campania romana I, Napoli 2008 (F. Feraudi-Gruénais: 313)Manfred C l a u s s, Große Gestalten der Antike. Berlin 2010 (P. D. Moser: 319)Jean-Christophe C o u v e n h e s, Silvia M i l a n e z i (Hrsg.), Individus, groupes et politique à Athènes de Solon à Mithridate. Actes du colloque internationale Tours 7 et 8 mars 2005, Tours 2007 (Ch. Samitz: 320)Julien F o u r n i e r, Entre tutelle romaine et autonomie civique. L'administration judiciaire dans les provinces hellénophones de l'Empire romain (129 av. J.-C. – 235 apr. J.-C.), Athènes 2010 (P. Sánchez: 324)Klaus Martin G i r a r d e t, Der Kaiser und sein Gott. Das Christentum im Denken und in der Religionspolitik Konstantins des Großen, Berlin, New York 2010 (H. Förster: 330)Bernard G r e e n, Christianity in Ancient Rome. The First Three Centuries, London, New York 2010 (H. Förster: 335)Monika R. M. H a s i t z k a, Koptische dokumentarische und literarische Texte. Corpus Papyrorum Raineri (CPR), Band XXXI, Berlin, New York 2011 (G. Schenke: 338)Vincent H u n i n k (Hrsg.), Glücklich ist dieser Ort! 1000 Graffiti aus Pompeji, Lateinisch/Deutsch, Stuttgart 2011 (E. Weber: 342)Arno H ü t t e m a n n (Hrsg.), Pompejanische Inschriften. Der heutige Bestand vor Ort im Stadtgebiet und in den Nekropolen, Lateinisch/Deutsch, Stuttgart 2010 (E. Weber: 343)Éva J a k a b, Risikomanagement beim Weinkauf. Periculum und Praxis imImperium Romanum, München 2009 (K. Ruffing: 345)Andrea J ö r d e n s, Statthalterliche Verwaltung in der römischen Kaiserzeit: Studien zum praefectus Aegypti, Stuttgart 2009 (S. Schmidt: 347) — Anne K o l b (Hrsg.), Augustae. Machtbewusste Frauen am römischen Kaiserhof? Akten der Tagung in Zürich 18.–20. 9. 2008, Berlin 2010 (K. Sänger-Böhm: 352)Fanette L a u b e n h e i m e r, Élise M a r l i è r e, Échanges et vie économique dans leNord-Ouest des Gaules: Le témoignage des amphores du IIe siècle après J.-C., Franche-Comté2010 (T. Bezeczky: 356)Yann L e B o h e c, Das römische Heer in der Späten Kaiserzeit,Stuttgart 2010 (A. Kaiser: 358)Christian M a r e k (unter Mitarbeit von Peter F r e i), Geschichte Kleinasiens in der Antike, München 2010 (G. Kantor: 361)Stefanie M a r t i n - K i l c h e r, Regula S c h a t z m a n n (Hrsg.), Das römische Heiligtum vonThun-Allmendigen, die Regio Lindensis und die Alpen, Bern 2009 (V. Gassner: 363)Elizabeth A. M e y e r, Metics and the Athenian Phialai-Inscriptions: A Study in AthenianEpigraphy and Law, Wiesbaden 2009 (Ph. Scheibelreiter: 366)György N é m e t h, Kritias und die Dreißig Tyrannen. Untersuchungen zur Politik und Prosopographie der Führungselite in Athen 404/403 v. Chr., Stuttgart 2006 (H. Heftner: 369)Peter P i l h o f e r, Das Neue Testament und seine Welt, Tübingen 2010 (E. Weber: 373)Peter R i e d l b e r g e r, Philologischer, historischer und liturgischer Kommentar zum 8. Buch der Johannis des Goripp, nebst kritischer Edition und Übersetzung, Groningen 2010 (D. Weber: 376)Margaret A. R o b b, Beyond Populares and Optimates. Political Language in the Late Republic, Stuttgart 2010 (K.-J. Hölkeskamp: 377)Denis R o u s s e t, De Lycie en Cabalide. La convention entre les Lyciens et Termessos près d'Oinoanda, Genève 2010 (F. Kolb: 383)Francesca S c h i r o n i, ΤΟ ΜΕΓΑ ΒΙΒΛΙΟΝ: Book-Ends, End-Titles and Coronides in Papyri withHexametric Poetry, Durham, NC 2010 (M. Perale: 385)Michael Alexander S p e i d e l, Heer und Herrschaft im römischen Reich der Hohen Kaiserzeit, Stuttgart 2009 (S. Bönisch:390)Stefan T r a x l e r, Die römischen Grabdenkmäler von Lauriacum und Lentia. Stein –Relief – Inschrift, Linz 2009 (Th. Pantzer: 392)Richard V e y m i e r s, Ἵλεως τῷ φοροῦντι. Sérapis sur les gemmes et les bijoux antiques, Bruxelles 2009 (G. Dembski: 396)Catherine W o l f f, Déserteurs et transfuges dans l'armée romaine à l'époque républicaine, Napoli 2009 (Ch. Lundgreen: 397).
