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Historically, cities and their citizens have led the largest changes that have been taking place continuously, especially since the transition from an agricultural economy to an industrial one. This phenomenon is especially significant from the mid-eighteenth century and it will become more intense if the predictions that establish that, around the year 2050, approximately 70% of the world population will concentrate in some type of city finally come true. With these boundary conditions, it is evident that the achievement of more efficient and sustainable cities is an unavoidable objective for which politicians, managers and technicians must work in order to guarantee the quality of life of their citizens. Although this paradigm of sustainability and efficiency has always been present in the managers of cities, it has not been until very recently that technology has made available to the responsible parties a plethora of possibilities that, when properly employed, translate into significant savings. At the same time, the day-to-day improvement of the citizens is consolidating a new urban concept in which the different processes and systems that occur in it are continuously monitored in both time and space. This paper reviews the evolution of one of the pioneering examples of such cities, Santander, where an Internet of the Things infrastructure was deployed a decade ago. In this time, multiple technologies and services have been developed and deployed in smart city pilots. The paper discusses the key lessons learnt from the digitalization of the city and the new challenges that have arisen as we were paving the way for a smarter and more liveable city. ; This work has been funded by the Spanish Government (MINECO) under Grant Agreement No. RTI2018-093475-A-I00 FIERCE (Future Internet Enabled Resilient smart CitiEs) project.

Worldwide cities are involved in a digital transformation phase specially focused on sustainability and improving citizen's quality of life. However, such objectives are hard to achieve if the migration of the urban processes are not performed following a common approach. Under the paradigm of smart city, different Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have been deployed over urban environments to enable such digital transformation. However, actual implementations differ from one city to another, and even between services within the same city. As a consequence, the deployment of urban services is hindered, since they need to be tailored to each city. In addition, the isolation of urban services obstructs its optimization, since it cannot harness contextual information coming from other services. All in all, it is necessary to implement tools and mechanisms that allow us to ensure that city solutions and their vertical services are interoperable. In order to tackle this issue, different initiatives have proposed architectures that homogenize the interaction with smart cities from different angles. However, so far the compliance with such architectures has not been assessed. Having this in mind, in this work we present a validation framework, developed under the umbrella of the SynchroniCity project, which aims to verify that interfaces and data exposed by cities are aligned with the adopted standards and data models. In this regard, the validation framework presented here is the technical enabler for the creation of an interoperability certi cate for smart cities. To assess the bene ts of the validation framework, we have used it to check the interoperability of 21 smart city deployments worldwide that adhered the SynchroniCity guidelines. Afterwards, during an open call a total number of 37 services have been deployed over such SynchroniCity instances, thus con rming the goodness of uniform and validated smart cities to foster service replicability. ; This work was supported in part by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Programme [SynchroniCity (Delivering an IoT enabled Digital Single Market for Europe and Beyond)] under Grant 732240, and in part by the Spanish Government (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, MINECO-FEDER) through the project FIERCE: Future Internet Enabled Resilient smart CitiEs under Grant RTI2018-093475-AI00.

Worldwide cities are involved in a digital transformation phase. More sustainable cities and improving citizen's quality of life are the leit motiv of such transformation. However, such aims are difficult to achieve if the migration of the urban processes are not carried out following a common approach. Optimizing the behavior of any specific urban service needs to be performed taking into consideration both the service itself as well as its interaction with adjacent services. This means that any solution aiming to achieve the autonomous city management paradigm is tightly related to the adoption of common frameworks which are able to guarantee interoperability with other systems. Furthermore, cities themselves are not isolated systems. Well the opposite, cities interact one to the each other depending on different attributes. This implies that sooner or later optimizing some processes in one city without having in mind the adjacency to others might not be efficient enough. Hence, interoperability among cities will become a must, not just in terms of optimization but also replicability. Based on this boundary conditions this paper describes a framework aimed to ensure interoperability and replicability among cities. Some of the tools for assessing compliance with specific standardization activities are also presented. ; This work has been partially funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Programme under Grant Agreement No. 732240 SynchroniCity (Delivering an IoT enabled Digital Single Market for Europe and Beyond). The content of this paper does not reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Responsibility for the information and views expressed therein lies entirely with the authors. In addition, this work has been also partially funded by the Spanish Government (MINECO) under Grant Agreement No. RTI2018-093475-AI00 FIERCE (Future Internet Enabled Resilient smart CitiEs)

For some years already, there has been a plethora of research initiatives throughout the world that have deployed diverse experimentation facilities for Future Internet technologies research and development. While access to these testbeds has been sometimes restricted to the specific research community supporting them, opening them to different communities can not only help those infrastructures to achieve a wider impact, but also to better identify new possibilities based on novel considerations brought by those external users. On top of the individual testbeds, supporting experiments that employs several of them in a combined and seamless fashion has been one of the main objectives of different transcontinental research initiatives, such as FIRE in Europe or GENI in United States. In particular, Fed4FIRE project and its continuation, Fed4FIRE+, have emerged as "best-in-town" projects to federate heterogeneous experimentation platforms. This paper presents the most relevant aspects of the integration of a large scale testbed on the IoT domain within the Fed4FIRE+ federation. It revolves around the adaptation carried out on the SmartSantander smart city testbed. Additionally, the paper offers an overview of the different federation models that Fed4FIRE+ proposes to testbed owners in order to provide a complete view of the involved technologies. The paper is also presenting a survey of how several specific research platforms from different experimentation domains have fulfilled the federation task following Fed4FIRE+ concepts. ; This work was partially funded by the European project Federation for FIRE Plus (Fed4FIRE+) from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Programme with the Grant Agreement No. 732638 and by the Spanish Government (MINECO) by means of the projects ADVICE: Dynamic provisioning of connectivity in high density 5G wireless scenarios (TEC2015-71329-C2-1-R) and Future Internet Enabled Resilient Cities (FIERCE).

This paper presents the implementation of a global smart parking use case that employs data streams coming from two different cities: Santander, in Spain, and Busan, in South Korea. In addition to the geographical distance, what is more important is that the platforms used in each of the cities for exposing their data are different. Santander's data is available through FIWARE-based interfaces while Busan's exposes oneM2M endpoints. The underlying Wise-IoT system used for the field trial, which is briefly described in this paper, addresses the challenge of fragmentation within IoT ecosystems by developing a novel framework to achieve global interoperability and mobility of IoT applications and devices. In this sense, the proof-of-concept implementation presented in this paper serves as a validator of Global IoT Services, enabling transparent user, and applications, roaming between the two cities involved in the pilot. ; This work has been supported by the European Union's H2020 Programme for research, technological development and demonstration within the project "Worldwide Interoperability for Semantics IoT" under grant agreement No 723156 and by the Institute for Information & communications Technology Promotion (IITP) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (No.2016-0-00067, Wise-IoT)

The Internet-of-Things (IoT) is unanimously identified as one of the main pillars of future smart scenarios. However, despite the growing number of IoT deployments, the majority of IoT applications tend to be self-contained, thereby forming vertical silos. Indeed, the ability to combine and synthesize data streams and services from diverse IoT platforms and testbeds, holds the promise to increase the potential of smart applications in terms of size, scope and targeted business context. This paper describes the system architecture for the FIESTA-IoT platform, whose main aim is to federate a large number of testbeds across the planet, in order to offer experimenters the unique experience of dealing with a large number of semantically interoperable data sources. This system architecture was developed by following the Architectural Reference Model (ARM) methodology promoted by the IoT-A project (FP7 "light house" project on Architecture for the Internet of Things). Through this process, the FIESTA-IoT architecture is composed of a set of Views that deals with a "logical" functional decomposition (Functional View, FV) and data structuring and annotation, data flows and inter-functional component interactions (Information View, IV). ; This work is partially funded by the European project Federated Interoperable Semantic IoT/cloud Testbeds and Applications (FIESTA-IoT) from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Programme with the Grant Agreement No. CNECT-ICT-643943. The authors would like to thank the FIESTA-IoT consortium for the fruitful discussions.

The Internet-of-Things (IoT) is unanimously identified as one of the main pillars of future smart scenarios. The potential of IoT technologies and deployments has been already demonstrated in a number of different application areas, including transport, energy, safety and healthcare. However, despite the growing number of IoT deployments, the majority of IoT applications tend to be self-contained, thereby forming application silos. A lightweight data centric integration and combination of these silos presents several challenges that still need to be addressed. Indeed, the ability to combine and synthesize data streams and services from diverse IoT platforms and testbeds, holds the promise to increase the potentiality of smart applications in terms of size, scope and targeted business context. In this article, a proof-of-concept implementation that federates two different IoT experimentation facilities by means of semantic-based technologies will be described. The specification and design of the implemented system and information models will be described together with the practical details of the developments carried out and its integration with the existing IoT platforms supporting the aforementioned testbeds. Overall, the system described in this paper demonstrates that it is possible to open new horizons in the development of IoT applications and experiments at a global scale, that transcend the (silo) boundaries of individual deployments, based on the semantic interconnection and interoperability of diverse IoT platforms and testbeds. ; This work is partially funded by the European projectzFederated Interoperable Semantic IoT/cloud Testbeds and Applications (FIESTA-IoT) from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Programme with the Grant Agreement No. CNECT-ICT-643943. The authors would also like to thank the FIESTA-IoT consortium for the fruitful discussions.

Nowadays, the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem is experiencing a lack of interoperability across the multiple competing platforms that are available. Consequently, service providers can only access vertical data silos that imply high costs and jeopardize their solutions market potential. It is necessary to transform the current situation with competing non-interoperable IoT platforms into a common ecosystem enabling the emergence of cross-platform, cross-standard, and cross-domain IoT services and applications. This paper presents a platform that has been implemented for realizing this vision. It leverages semantic web technologies to address the two key challenges in expanding the IoT beyond product silos into web-scale open ecosystems: data interoperability and resources identification and discovery. The paper provides extensive description of the proposed solution and its implementation details. Regarding the implementation details, it is important to highlight that the platform described in this paper is currently supporting the federation of eleven IoT deployments (from heterogeneous application domains) with over 10,000 IoT devices overall which produce hundreds of thousands of observations per day. ; This work was partially funded by the European project Federated Interoperable Semantic IoT/cloud Testbeds and Applications (FIESTA-IoT) from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Programme with the Grant Agreement No. CNECT-ICT-643943 and, in part, by the Spanish Government by means of the Project ADVICE "Dynamic Provisioning of Connectivity in High Density 5G Wireless Scenarios" under Grant TEC2015-71329-C2-1-R.

The smart cities vision is inexorably turning into a reality. Among the different approaches used to realize more intelligent and sustainable environments, a common denominator is the role that information and communication technologies will play. Moreover, if there is one of these technologies that emerges among the rest, it is the Internet-of-Things (IoT). The ability to ubiquitously embed sensing and actuating capabilities that this paradigm enables is at the forefront of the technologies driving the urban environments transformation. However, there are very little practical experiences of the IoT infrastructure deployment at a large scale. This paper presents practical solutions to the main challenges faced during the deployment and management of a city-scale IoT infrastructure, which encompasses thousands of sensors and other information sources. The experience we have gained during the deployment and operation of the IoT-based smart city infrastructure carried out at Santander (Spain) has led to a number of practical lessons that are summarized in this paper. Moreover, the challenges and problems examples, excerpted from our own real-life experience, are described as motivators for the adopted solutions. ; This work was supported in part by the research project SmartSantander through the 7th Framework Programme of the European Commission under Grant FP7-ICT-2009-5 and in part by the Spanish Government by means of the project ADVICE "Dynamic provisioning of connectivity in high density 5G wireless scenarios" under Grant TEC2015-71329-C2-1-R.

In parallel to the explosion of the use of wireless technologies to connect devices, the scientific community is continually aiming to take advantage of such technologies to provide new services. In this sense, there have been many attempts to exploit the information provided by IEEE802.11 and Bluetooth interfaces, commonly found in most of the smartphones that are being used at the time of writing. In this paper we describe a novel deployment that fosters such approach. Furthermore, the measurements that are gathered are made available, thanks to its integration within the SmartSantander testbed, and to the federation with complementary testbeds. The federation platform and the described deployment are outcomes of the FESTIVAL collaborative project (Europe-Japan). Besides depicting the corresponding software architecture, the paper also discusses some preliminary results that are used to assess the feasibility of the proposed scheme. ; This work was funded in part by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Programme of the FESTIVAL project (Federated Interoperable Smart ICT Services Development and Testing Platforms) under grant agreement 643275, and from the Japanese National Institute of Information and Communications Technology. This work has been also supported by the Spanish Government (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, FEDER) by means of the project ADVICE (TEC2015-71329-C2-1-R).

The Smart City paradigm has become one of the most important research topics around the globe. Particularly in Europe, it is considered as a solution for unstoppable increase of high density urban environments and the European Commission has included the Smart City research as one of the key objectives for the FP7 (Seventh Framework Program) and H2020 (Horizon 2020) research initiatives. As a result, a considerable amount of quality research, with particular emphasis on information and communication technologies, has been produced. In this paper, we review the current efforts dedicated in Europe to this research topic. Particular attention is paid in the review to the platforms and infrastructure technologies adopted to introduce the Internet of Things into the city, taking into account the constraints and harshness of urban environments. Furthermore, this paper also considers the efforts in the experimental perspective, which includes the review of existing Smart City testbeds, part of wider European initiatives such as FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) and FIWARE. Last but not least, the main efforts in providing interoperability between the different experimental facilities are also presented. ; This work was funded in part by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Programme of the FESTIVAL project (Federated Interoperable Smart ICT Services Development and Testing Platforms) under grant agreement 643275, and from the Japanese National Institute of Information and Communications Technology.

Cities are growing at a dizzying pace and they require improved methods to manage crowded areas. Crowd management stands for the decisions and actions taken to supervise and control densely populated spaces and it involves multiple challenges, from recognition and assessment to application of actions tailored to the current situation. To that end, Wi-Fi-based monitoring systems have emerged as a cost-effective solution for the former one. The key challenge that they impose is the requirement to handle large datasets and provide results in near real-time basis. However, traditional big data and event processing approaches have important shortcomings while dealing with crowd management information. In this paper, we describe a novel system architecture for real-time crowd recognition for smart cities and smart buildings that can be easily replicated. The described system proposes a privacy-aware platform that enables the application of artificial intelligence mechanisms to assess crowds' behavior in buildings employing sensed Wi-Fi traces. Furthermore, the present paper shows the implementation of the system in two buildings, an airport and a market, as well as the results of applying a set of classification algorithms to provide crowd management information. ; This work was supported in part by the Spanish Government (MINECO) by means of the Project Future Internet Enabled Resilient CitiEs (FIERCE) under Grant RTI2018-093475-A-I00, and in part by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Programme through the European project Federated CPS Digital Innovation Hubs for the Smart Anything Everywhere Initiative (FED4SAE) under Grant 761708.

After a thorough analysis of existing Internet of Things (IoT) related ontologies, in this paper we propose a holistic and a light-weight ontology that aims to achieve semantic interoperability among various fragmented testbeds (that store data in their proprietary format) in IoT domain. Such ontology currently finds its implementation in the EU H2020 FIESTA-IoT project that aims to provide federation and interoperability to testbeds using semantics. The proposed ontology leverages from the Noy et al. methodology of building ontology. With the aim of including more ontologies in the future, if needed, our ontology currently reuses core concepts from various popular ontologies and taxonomies, such as Semantic Sensor Network (SSN), M3-lite (a lite version of M3 and also an outcome of this study), WGS84, IoT-lite and DUL. In addition to this, we also introduce a set of tools that aims to help external testbeds adapt their respective datasets to the common ontology defined throughout this paper. ; This work is partially funded by the European project \Federated Interoperable Semantic IoT/cloud Testbeds and Applications (FIESTA-IoT)" from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Programme with the Grant Agreement No. CNECTICT-643943. The Authors would like to also thank the FIESTA-IoT consortium for fruitful discussions.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is unanimously identified as one of the main technology enablers for the development of future intelligent environments. However, the current IoT landscape is suffering from large fragmentation with many platforms and vendors competing with their own solution. This fragmented scenario is now jeopardizing the uptake of the IoT, as investments are not carried out partly because of the fear of being captured in lock-in situations. To overcome these fears, interoperability solutions are being put forward in order to guarantee that the deployed IoT infrastructure, independently of its manufacturer and/or platform, can exchange information, data and knowledge in a meaningful way. This paper presents a Global IoT Services (GIoTS) use case demonstrating how semantic interoperability among five different smart city IoT deployments can be leveraged to develop a smart urban mobility service. The application that has been developed seamlessly consumes data from them for providing parking guidance and mobility suggestions at the five locations (Santander and Barcelona in Spain and Busan, Seoul and Seongnam in South Korea) where the abovementioned IoT deployments are installed. The paper is also presenting the key aspects of the system enabling the interoperability among the three underlying heterogeneous IoT platforms. ; This research was funded by European Union's H2020 Programme for research, technological development and demonstration within the projects "Worldwide Interoperability for Semantics IoT (WISE-IoT)" (under grant agreement No 723156) and "Bridging the Interoperability Gap of the Internet of Things (BIG-IoT)" (under grant agreement No. 688038) and, in part, by the Spanish Government by means of the Project ADVICE "Dynamic Provisioning of Connectivity in High Density 5G Wireless Scenarios" under Grant TEC2015-71329-C2-1-R.

ABSTRACT: This article proposes a General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)-compliant Internet of Things (IoT) Recommender (IoTRec) system, developed in the framework of H2020 EU-KR WISE-IoT (Worldwide Interoperability for Semantic IoT) project, which provides the recommendations of parking spots and routes while protecting users´ privacy. It provides recommendations by exploiting the IoT technology (parking and traffic sensors). The IoTRec provides four-fold functions. First, it helps the user to find a free parking spot based on different metrics (such as the nearest or nearest trusted parking spot). Second, it recommends a route (the least crowded or the shortest route) leading to the recommended parking spot from the user´s current location. Third, it provides the real-time provision of expected availability of parking areas (comprised of parking spots organized into groups) in a user-friendly manner. Finally, it provides a GDPR-compliant implementation for operating in a privacy-aware environment. The IoTRec is integrated into the smart parking use case of the WISE-IoT project and is evaluated by the citizens of Santander, Spain through a prototype, but it can be applied to any IoT-enabled locality. The evaluation results show the citizens satisfaction with the quality, functionalities, ease of use and reliability of the recommendations/services offered by the IoTRec. ; This research was supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 723156. This research was partially funded by the Spanish Government (MINECO) under Grant Agreement No. RTI2018-093475-AI00, project FIERCE (Future Internet Enabled Resilient smart CitiEs)