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From the night images in panchromatic band obtained by the Earth observation satellites (DMSP / OLS and SNPP / VIIRS / DNB) the temporal evolution (at a global and regional level) of public lighting expenditure has been studied. For this, a method of intercalibration of the data of different missions has been designed, which has provided, as a first result and using data from the DMSP / OLS satellite, the reconstruction of the evolution of public lighting expenditure in Spain between 1992 and 2012, broken down into the different provinces. An analysis of the SNPP / VIIRS / DNB satellite images that have been applied for the determination of public lighting expenditure in the countries of the European Union and to study the variation of light pollution has been carried out as an additional validation of the method. in the municipalities of the Deltebre region. A study of the scientific use of the images taken with digital camera (DSLR) from the International Space Station (ISS) for studies of light pollution has been carried out. It is demonstrated in this work that the type of emitting spectrum of the sources of light pollution can be estimated by color-color diagrams using the three bands of the images and that it is possible to determine the type of lighting technology from the images taken from the ISS. In addition to the classification of sources using synthetic photometry, the absolute photometric calibration of the images was carried out using differential photometry of stellar fields and sources on the ground. As a first step for the scientific exploitation of the nocturnal images of the Earth that are stored in the NASA repository, a citizen science program has been created for the classification, location and geographic referencing of the images. More than 130,000 images have been classified, more than 3000 located, and more than 700 georeferenced. Other methods of capturing nighttime images of sources of light pollution have been explored, such as aerial techniques with hyperspectral and DSLR cameras, ...

From the night images in panchromatic band obtained by the Earth observation satellites (DMSP / OLS and SNPP / VIIRS / DNB) the temporal evolution (at a global and regional level) of public lighting expenditure has been studied. For this, a method of intercalibration of the data of different missions has been designed, which has provided, as a first result and using data from the DMSP / OLS satellite, the reconstruction of the evolution of public lighting expenditure in Spain between 1992 and 2012, broken down into the different provinces. An analysis of the SNPP / VIIRS / DNB satellite images that have been applied for the determination of public lighting expenditure in the countries of the European Union and to study the variation of light pollution has been carried out as an additional validation of the method. in the municipalities of the Deltebre region. A study of the scientific use of the images taken with digital camera (DSLR) from the International Space Station (ISS) for studies of light pollution has been carried out. It is demonstrated in this work that the type of emitting spectrum of the sources of light pollution can be estimated by color-color diagrams using the three bands of the images and that it is possible to determine the type of lighting technology from the images taken from the ISS. In addition to the classification of sources using synthetic photometry, the absolute photometric calibration of the images was carried out using differential photometry of stellar fields and sources on the ground. As a first step for the scientific exploitation of the nocturnal images of the Earth that are stored in the NASA repository, a citizen science program has been created for the classification, location and geographic referencing of the images. More than 130,000 images have been classified, more than 3000 located, and more than 700 georeferenced. Other methods of capturing nighttime images of sources of light pollution have been explored, such as aerial techniques with hyperspectral and DSLR cameras, ...

p>Atmosphere layers, especially the troposphere, hinder the astronomical observation. For more than 100 years astronomers have tried observing from balloons to avoid turbulence and extinction.nbsp;nbsp;New developments in card-size computers, RF equipment and satellite navigation have democratised the access to the stratosphere./p> p>As a result of a ProAm collaboration with the Daedalus Team we have developed a low-cost multi-purpose platform with stratospheric balloons carrying up to 3 kg of scientific payload. The Daedalus Team is an amateur group that has been launching sounding probes since 2010. Since then the first two authors have provided scientific payloads for nighttime flights with the purpose of technology demonstration for astronomical observation./p> p>It is a passive craft, with basic stabilisation and 2-hour length nominal mission. Current design has up to 4 observational ports, three at the sides of the square-shaped probe and one aiming at nadir for Earth Observation. The probe uses one or two meteorological sounding balloons to get out of the troposphere. The probe usually rises to 30km of altitude and then falls free with a parachute. The probe has GSM, RF and GPS beacons and some missions had also bidirectional communication. During the flight the probe is chased from ground using the beacons in order for recovery as all the data is stored inside./p> p>The first of these flights was in 2010 as an instrumental test to monitor light. The same year a second flight over the city of Jaeacute;n successfully took the first images for scientific use. In 2014 the project was repeated over the city of Madrid, acquiring images of quality comparable to the ones from airborne instruments with a hundredth of the cost./p> p>The other scientific objective of these night flights is the estimation of meteoroid influx at Earth through the observation of meteor showers. Observing meteors from the stratosphere improves detection efficiency thanks to much lower extinction and less ...

En este trabajo se presenta una propuesta de evaluación de la Teoría de la Mente (ToM) en niños de 5 años en entornos escolares, así como una propuesta de orientación educativa para su potenciación en el ámbito familiar. Dadas las importantes implicaciones cognitivas y socio-emocionales de esta habilidad, la citada propuesta educativa consiste en una serie de orientaciones –basadas en datos empíricos de investigaciones sobre el tema- que los padres/madres pueden llevar a cabo bajo supervisión profesional para potenciar el desarrollo de la Teoría de la Mente de sus hijos/as. La propuesta incide en aspectos como la potenciación del vínculo afectivo, la calidad de las relaciones fraternas, el uso de la disciplina democrática, la expresión y regulación de las emociones, la estimulación del desarrollo lingüístico, el fomento de la toma de conciencia de estados mentales, intenciones y deseos de otras personas y la práctica de estrategias de distanciamiento.ABSTRACTThis paper presents a proposal for assessing 5-year-old children's Theory of Mind (ToM) at school, as well as an educative proposal to enhance it in the family context. Given the important cognitive and socio-emotional implications of this ability, the paper describes a group of orientations – based on the empirical data from research on this field- which parents can follow up, with a professional's supervision, to enhance their children's ToM development. The proposal affects issues such as enhancing the bonding, the quality of fraternal relations, the use of democratic discipline, expression and regulation of emotions, stimulation of language development, promoting awareness of mental states, intentions and desires of others and the practice of distancing strategies.

Background: Night shift work, exposure to light at night (ALAN) and circadian disruption may increase the risk of hormone-dependent cancers. Objectives: We evaluated the association of exposure to ALAN during sleeping time with breast and prostate cancer in a population based multicase–control study (MCC-Spain), among subjects who had never worked at night. We evaluated chronotype, a characteristic that may relate to adaptation to light at night. Methods: We enrolled 1,219 breast cancer cases, 1,385 female controls, 623 prostate cancer cases, and 879 male controls from 11 Spanish regions in 2008–2013. Indoor ALAN information was obtained through questionnaires. Outdoor ALAN was analyzed using images from the International Space Station (ISS) available for Barcelona and Madrid for 2012–2013, including data of remotely sensed upward light intensity and blue light spectrum information for each geocoded longest residence of each MCC-Spain subject. Results: Among Barcelona and Madrid participants with information on both indoor and outdoor ALAN, exposure to outdoor ALAN in the blue light spectrum was associated with breast cancer [adjusted odds ratio (OR) for highest vs. lowest tertile, OR=1.47; 95% CI: 1.00, 2.17] and prostate cancer (OR=2.05; 95% CI: 1.38, 3.03). In contrast, those exposed to the highest versus lowest intensity of outdoor ALAN were more likely to be controls than cases, particularly for prostate cancer. Compared with those who reported sleeping in total darkness, men who slept in "quite illuminated" bedrooms had a higher risk of prostate cancer (OR=2.79; 95% CI: 1.55, 5.04), whereas women had a slightly lower risk of breast cancer (OR=0.77; 95% CI: 0.39, 1.51). Conclusion: Both prostate and breast cancer were associated with high estimated exposure to outdoor ALAN in the blue-enriched light spectrum. ; The study was partially funded by the Accion Transversal del Cancer, approved by the Spanish Ministry Council on 11 October 2007, by the Institute de Salud Carlos III-FEDER (PI08/1770, PI08/0533, PI08/1359, PS09/00773-Cantabria, PS09/01286-Leon, PS09/01903-Valencia, PS09/02078-Huelva, PS09/01662-Granada, PI11/01889-FEDER, PI11/02213, PI12/00488, PI12/00265, PI12/01270, PI12/00715, PI14/0613), by the Fundacion Marques de Valdecilla (API 10/09), by the ICGC International Cancer Genome Consortium CLL [the ICGC CLL-Genome Project is funded by Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO) through the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) and Red Tematica de Investigation del Cancer (RTICC) del ISCIII (RD12/0036/0036)], by the Junta de Castilla y Leon (LE22A10-2), by the Consejeria de Salud of the Junta de Andalucia (PI-0571-2009, PI-0306-2011, salud201200057018tra), by the Conselleria de Sanitat of the Generalitat Valenciana (AP_061/10), by the Regional Government of the Basque Country, by the Consejeria de Sanidad de la Region de Murcia, by the European Commission grants FOOD-CT-2006-036224-HIWATE, by the Spanish Association Against Cancer (AECC) Scientific Foundation, by the Catalan Government-Agency for Management of University and Research Grants (AGAUR) grants 2014SGR647 and 2014SGR850, by the Fundacion Caja de Ahorros de Asturias, and by the University of Oviedo. ISGlobal is a member of the Centres de Recerca de Catalunya (CERCA) Programme, Generalitat de Catalunya. This research was also supported in part by the STARS4ALL project funded by the H2020-ICT-2015-688135 program of the European Union, the ORISON project funded by the H2020-INFRASUPP-2015-2 program of the European Union, and through the resources of researchers and collaborators of the Cities at Night project. J.G.-P. was funded by the Scientific Foundation of the Spanish Association against Cancer (Fundacion Cientifica de la Asociacien Espanola Contra el Cancer (AECC), EVP-1178/14).

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ; The global spread of artificial light is eroding the natural night-time environment. The estimation of the pattern and rate of growth of light pollution on multi-decadal scales has nonetheless proven challenging. Here we show that the power of global satellite observable light emissions increased from 1992 to 2017 by at least 49%. We estimate the hidden impact of the transition to solid-state lightemitting diode (LED) technology, which increases emissions at visible wavelengths undetectable to existing satellite sensors, suggesting that the true increase in radiance in the visible spectrum may be as high as globally 270% and 400% on specific regions. These dynamics vary by region, but there is limited evidence that advances in lighting technology have led to decreased emissions. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. ; This research was supported by Natural Environment Research Council grant NE/P01156X/1. ; With funding from the Spanish government through the Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence accreditation SEV-2017-0709. ; Peer reviewed

The study was partially funded by the Accion Transversal del Cancer, approved by the Spanish Ministry Council on 11 October 2007, by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III-FEDER (PI08/1770, PI08/0533, PI08/1359, PS09/00773-Cantabria, PS09/01286-León, PS09/01903-Valencia, PS09/02078-Huelva, PS09/01662-Granada, PI11/01889-FEDER, PI11/02213, PI12/00488, PI12/00265, PI12/01270, PI12/00715, PI14/0613), by the Fundación Marqués de Valdecilla (API 10/09), by the ICGC International Cancer Genome Consortium CLL [the ICGC CLL-Genome Project is funded by Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) through the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) and Red Temática de Investigación del Cáncer (RTICC) del ISCIII (RD12/0036/0036)], by the Junta de Castilla y León (LE22A10-2), by the Consejería de Salud of the Junta de Andalucía (PI-0571-2009, PI0306-2011, salud201200057018tra), by the Conselleria de Sanitat of the Generalitat Valenciana (AP_061/10), by the Regional Government of the Basque Country, by the Consejería de Sanidad de la Región de Murcia, by the European Commission grants FOOD-CT-2006-036224-HIWATE, by the Spanish Association Against Cancer (AECC) Scientific Foundation, by the Catalan Government–Agency for Management of University and Research Grants (AGAUR) grants 2014SGR647 and 2014SGR850, by the Fundación Caja de Ahorros de Asturias, and by the University of Oviedo. ISGlobal is a member of the Centres de Recerca de Catalunya (CERCA) Programme, Generalitat de Catalunya. This research was also supported in part by the STARS4ALL project funded by the H2020-ICT-2015-688135 program of the European Union, the ORISON project funded by the H2020-INFRASUPP-2015-2 program of the European Union, and through the resources of researchers and collaborators of the Cities at Night project. J.G.-P. was funded by the Scientific Foundation of the Spanish Association against Cancer (Fundación Científica de la Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer (AECC), EVP-1178/14). ; (et al.)

The paper presents a psychosocial approach to Basque Country conflict from the dynamical system model of conflict (Coleman, 2006). Research was make throughout 60 interviews fulfilled with people of different sectors of basque society, and were analyzed by categorization content analysis and by interpretative fhenomenologycal analysis. Results point to five central elements of conflict: violence manifestations and there legitimation forms, violation of Basic Human Needs, negative interdependence of collective identities, political and ideological issues. Three additional factors are also mentionated –social polarization, emotional and cognitive issues-. Finally, we explain the whole dates about basque conflict throughout dynamic/ systemic model. ; El artículo presenta una aproximación psicosocial al conflicto del País Vasco desde el modelo dinámico/sistémico del conflicto (Coleman, 2006). La investigación se llevó a cabo a partir de 60 entrevistas en profundidad realizadas a personas de distintos sectores de la sociedad vasca, analizadas a partir de un análisis de contenido por categorización, y de un análisis interpretativo fenomenológico. Los resultados apuntan a cinco elementos centrales del conflicto: las manifestaciones de violencia y sus formas de legitimación, la vulneración de necesidades humanas básicas, la interdependencia negativa de las identidades colectivas, cuestiones políticas e ideológicas. Igualmente, se mencionan tres factores adicionales –polarización social, emociones y aspectos cognitivos–. Finalmente, se interpreta el conjunto de datos sobre el conflicto vasco a partir del modelo dinámico/sistémico.

The study goal is to identify key elements for the peace building in the Basque Country from the visions of the citizenship. Following this objective, the paper presents a psycho-social approach to the building of peace in the Basque Country from meanings socially constructed. The study was developed on the basis of 60 interviews made to people of different sectors from the Basque society, and analyzed from a qualitative analysis. The results aim at 7 central elements for the construction of peace in the Basque Country: the ETA end; changes on antiterrorist and penitentiary policy of the Spanish State; to repair of integral way to the victims of human rights violations committed by ETA and compatible groups, the terrorism of tardo-francoist groups, and the Spanish state; dialogue, negotiation and agreements; the paper of the civil society for peace; the work by memory; psycho-social changes. Finally, this concludes about the needs to approach the construction of peace in the Basque Country being followed a complex optics and considering the social, political and psycho-social dimensions. ; El objetivo del estudio es identificar elementos claves para la construcción de la paz en el País Vasco desde las visiones de la ciudadanía. Siguiendo este objetivo, el artículo presenta una aproximación psicosocial a la construcción de la paz en el País Vasco desde los significados socialmente construidos. La investigación se desarrolló en base a 60 entrevistas realizadas a personas de distintos sectores de la sociedad vasca, y analizadas a partir de un análisis cualitativo. Los resultados apuntan a 7 elementos centrales para la construcción de la paz en el País Vasco: el fin de ETA; cambios en la política antiterrorista y penitenciaria del Estado español; reparar de manera integral a las víctimas de vulneraciones de derechos humanos cometidas por ETA y grupos afines, por el terrorismo tardo-franquista y por el estado español; diálogo, negociación y acuerdos; el papel de la sociedad civil para la paz; el trabajo por la memoria; cambios psicosociales. Por último, se concluye acerca de la necesidad de abordar la construcción de la paz en el País Vasco siguiendo una óptica compleja y teniendo en cuenta las dimensiones sociales, políticas y psicosociales.

The Sky Quality Meter (SQM) has become the most common device used to track the evolution of the brightness of the sky from polluted regions to first-class astronomical observatories. A vast database of SQM measurements already exists for many places in the world. Unfortunately, the SQM operates over a wide spectral band and its spectral response interacts with the sky's spectrum in a complex manner. This is why the optical signals are difficult to interpret when the data are recorded in regions with different sources of artificial light. The brightness of the night sky is linked in a complex way to ground-based light emissions, while taking into account atmospheric-induced optical distortion as well as spectral transformation from the underlying ground surfaces. While the spectral modulation of the sky's radiance has been recognized, it still remains poorly characterized and quantified. The impact of the SQM's spectral characteristics on sky-brightness measurements is analysed here for different light sources, including low- and high-pressure sodium lamps, PC-amber and white LEDs, metal halide and mercury lamps. We show that a routine conversion of radiance to magnitude is difficult, or rather impossible, because the average wavelength depends on actual atmospheric and environment conditions, the spectrum of the source and device-specific properties. We correlate SQM readings with both the Johnson astronomical photometry bands and the human system of visual perception, assuming different lighting technologies. These findings have direct implications for the processing of SQM data and for their improvement and/or remediation. ; This research was supported by Fonds de recherche du Québec – Nature et technologies (FRQNT-186263) and by the Fédération des Cégeps, by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under contract No. APVV-14-0017, by Spanish projects AYA2012-31277 and AYA2013-46724-P and the Spanish Network for Light Pollution Studies (AYA2015-71542-REDT) from the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad. This research also received support from a Medzinárodná Vedecko-Technická Spolupráca (MVTS) grant of the Slovak Academy of Sciences. This research was supported in part by the STARS4ALL project and ORISON project funded by the European Union H2020-ICT-2015-688135 and H2020-INFRASUPP-2015-2. ; Peer reviewed

Night-time lights interact with human physiology through different pathways starting at the retinal layers of the eye; from the signals provided by the rods; the S-, L- and M-cones; and the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGC). These individual photic channels combine in complex ways to modulate important physiological processes, among them the daily entrainment of the neural master oscillator that regulates circadian rhythms. Evaluating the relative excitation of each type of photoreceptor generally requires full knowledge of the spectral power distribution of the incoming light, information that is not easily available in many practical applications. One such instance is wide area sensing of public outdoor lighting; present-day radiometers onboard Earth-orbiting platforms with sufficient nighttime sensitivity are generally panchromatic and lack the required spectral discrimination capacity. In this paper, we show that RGB imagery acquired with off-the-shelf digital single-lens reflex cameras (DSLR) can be a useful tool to evaluate, with reasonable accuracy and high angular resolution, the photoreceptoral inputs associated with a wide range of lamp technologies. The method is based on linear regressions of these inputs against optimum combinations of the associated R, G, and B signals, built for a large set of artificial light sources by means of synthetic photometry. Given the widespread use of RGB imaging devices, this approach is expected to facilitate the monitoring of the physiological effects of light pollution, from ground and space alike, using standard imaging technology. © 2019 by the authors. ; We acknowledge the support of the Spanish Network for Light Pollution Studies (MINECO AYA2011-15808-E) and also from ACTION, a project funded by the European Union H2020-SwafS-2018-1-824603. This work has been partially funded by the Spanish MICINN, (AYA2016-75808-R), by the Madrid Regional Government through the TEC2SPACE-CM Project (P2018/NMT-4291), by Xunta de Galicia/FEDER (grant ED431B 2017/64), by the EMISSI@N project (NERC grant NE/P01156X/1) and the ORISON project (H2020-INFRASUPP-2015-2), the Cities at Night project, the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement no. 689443 via project GEOEssential, FPU grant from the Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnologia and F. Sanchez de Miguel ; Peer reviewed

Sensors on remote sensing satellites have provided useful tools for evaluation of the environmental impacts of nighttime artificial light pollution. However, due to their panchromatic nature, the data available from these sensors (VIIRS/DNB and DMSP/OLS) has a limited capacity accurately to assess this impact. Moreover, in some cases, recorded variations can be misleading. Until new satellite platforms and sensors are available, only nighttime images taken with DSLR cameras from the International Space Station (ISS), airplanes, balloons or other such platforms can provide the required information. Here we describe a theoretical approach using colour-colour diagrams to analyse images taken by astronauts on the ISS to estimate spatial and temporal variation in the spectrum of artificial lighting emissions. We then evaluate how this information can be used to determine effects on some key environmental indices: photopic vision, the Melatonin Suppression Index, the Star Light Index, the Induced Photosynthesis Index, production of NO 2 -NO radicals, energy efficiency and CO 2 emissions, and Correlated Colour Temperature. Finally, we use the city of Milan as a worked example of the approach. © 2019 The Authors ; This work was supported by the EMISSI@N project (NERC grant NE/P01156X/1), Fond Quebecois pour la Recherche sur la Nature et les Technologie (FQRNT), COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) Action ES1204 LoNNe (Loss of the Night Network), the ORISON project (H2020-INFRASUPP-2015-2), the Cities at Night project, the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no 689443 via project GEOEssential, FPU grant from the Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnologia and F. Sanchez de Miguel. Cameras were tested at Laboratorio de Investigacion Cientifica Avanzada (LICA), a facility of UCM-UPM funded by the Spanish program of International Campus of Excellence Moncloa (CEI). We acknowledge the support of the Spanish Network for Light Pollution Studies (MINECO AYA2011-15808-E) and also from STARS4ALL, a project funded by the European Union H2020-ICT-2015-688135. This work has been partially funded by the Spanish MICINN, (AYA2016-75808-R), and by the Madrid Regional Government through the TEC2SPACE-CM Project (P2018/NMT-4291). ; Peer Reviewed

Under stable atmospheric conditions the brightness of the urban sky varies throughout the night following the time course of the anthropogenic emissions of light. Different types of artificial light sources (e.g. streetlights, residential, and vehicle lights) have specific time signatures, and this feature makes it possible to estimate the amount of brightness contributed by each of them. Our approach is based on transforming the time representation of the zenithal night sky brightness into a modal expansion in terms of the time signatures of the different sources of light. The modal coefficients, and hence the absolute and relative contributions of each type of source, can be estimated by means of a linear least squares fit. A practical method for determining the time signatures of different contributing sources is also described, based on wide-field time-lapse photometry of the urban nightscape. Our preliminary results suggest that, besides the dominant streetlight contribution, artificial light leaking out of the windows of residential buildings may account for a significant share of the time-varying part of the zenithal night sky brightness at the measurement locations, whilst the contribution of the vehicle lights seems to be significantly smaller. © The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers 2018. ; The authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This work was funded by grant ED431B 2017/64, Xunta de Galicia/FEDER (S.B.) and partly developed within the framework of the for Spanish Network Light Pollution Studies, REECL (AYA2015-71542-REDT). JZ acknowledges funding by the Spanish MICINN AYA2016-75808-R, by the Madrid Regional Government through the SpaceTec Project (S2013/ICE-2822), and by STARS4ALL, a project funded by the European Union H2020-ICT-2015-688135. RCL acknowledges CITEUC is funded by National Funds through FCT - Foundation for Science and Technology (project: UID/Multi/00611/2013) and FEDER - European Regional Development Fund through COMPETE 2020 Operational Programme Competitiveness and Internationalization (project: POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006922). ; Peer reviewed

AbstractThe aim of this study was to analyze the influence of family context on the performance of 5‐year‐old children (N = 70) in theory of mind (ToM) tasks. The children's performances were assessed during individual sessions held at school. Children's verbal skills were assessed using the Peabody picture vocabulary test (PPVT). Interviews were also conducted with parents in the family home in order to gather sociodemographic data and to assess diverse variables of the family context. In addition to confirming the important role played by children's verbal skills in ToM, the results also supported a potential influence of family context in ToM development through variables, such as quality of non‐parental care or level of social contact and support. The educational implications of these results are discussed in relation to family intervention.