Suchergebnisse

El problema de los matrimonios clandestinos fue uno de los temas abordados en el Concilio de Letrán (1215-1216). En un momento difícil de precisar se incrementaron considerablemente este tipo de uniones, consentidas por la Iglesia. Los padres conciliares y los pontífices, especialmente Alejandro III, los condenaron severamente, sin éxito. La política iniciada por la Iglesia –ampliando el impedimento de consanguinidad del cuarto al séptimo grado– tendente a diluir el modelo de amplia parentela y sustituirlo por la familia nuclear, significó la imposibilidad de unirse en matrimonio a individuos pertenecientes a una misma parentela. En este estudio se intentan explicar las causas de este fenómeno. Dentro de la nobleza, la consanguinidad constituyó un serio obstáculo para sus pretensiones de fortalecer y perpetuar su situación económica mediante enlaces matrimoniales. Algo similar sucedía también en las ciudades con la familias burguesas en aras a conservar los resortes del gobierno ciudadano. Y otro tanto cabe decir del ámbito rural: la escasez de contingente humano y la dispersión de la propiedad señorial propiciaba el matrimonio entre consanguíneos. ; The problem of the clandestine marriages was one of the subjects boarded in the Lateran Council (1215-1216). It is difficult to determine the moment in which the number of these unions, allowed by the Church, was considerably increased. The council fathers and the Pontiffs, especially Alexander III, condemned severely, but without success, the clandestine marriages. The policy initiated by the Church –extending the impediment of consanguinity from the fourth to the seventh degree– was directed toward the dilution of the model of ample kinship relationships, replacing it by the nuclear family. It meant the impossibility to be united in marriage to individuals pertaining to the same kin. The causes of this phenomenon are tried to explain in this study. Within the nobility, the consanguinity constituted a serious obstacle for its pretensions to fortify and to perpetuate its economic situation by means of married connections. Something similar also succeeded in the cities to the bourgeois families in order to conserve the cities' government. And the same can be of the rural world: the shortage of human contingent and the dispersion of the seigneurial property favoured the marriage between consanguineous. ; Le problème des mariages clandestins a été une des matières abordées dans le Concile du Latran (1215- 1216). Il est difficile à determiner à quel moment le nombre de ce type d'unions, consenties par l'Église, a considérablement augmenté. Les pères conciliaires et les papes, en particulier Alexandre III, ont tous gravement condamné, bien que sans succès, les mariages clandestins. La politique entamée par l'Église – en étendant l'empêchement de consanguinité du quatrième au septième degré–, qui visait à diluer le modèle de vaste parenté et le remplacer par la famille nucléaire, est venu signifier l'impossibilité d'unir en mariage à des individus appartenant à une même parenté. Dans cette étude on essaye d'expliquer les causes de ce phénomène. Parmi la noblesse, la consanguinité a constitué un obstacle sérieux pour leurs prétentions de fortifier et de perpétuer sa situation économique par la voie de liaisons matrimoniales. Quelque chose de semblable arrivait aussi dans les villes avec les familles bourgeoises visant à conserver les ressorts du gouvernement citoyen. Le même peut être affirmé du cadre rural : la pénurie de contingent humain et la dispersion de la propriété seigneurial rendait propice le mariage entre consanguins. ; Das Problem der heimlich geschlossenen (klandestinen) Ehen war eines der beim Laterankonzil von 1215/1216 angeschnittenen Themen. Zu einer schwerlich bestimmbaren Zeit wuchs diese von der Kirche gebilligte Eheform beträchtlich. Die Konzilsväter und Päpste, insbesondere Alexander III., missbilligten streng, aber erfolglos, die heimlich geschlossenen Ehen. Die von der Kirche angestoßene Politik, die Ehehindernisse der Abstammung vom vierten auf den siebten Grad der Verwandtschaft zu erweitern, bedeutete, dass es selbst miteinander weitläufig verwandten Personen versagt blieb zu heiraten; dafür vermag dieser Aufsatz Gründe zu liefern. Beim Adel indes stellte die Blutsverwandtschaft ein ernsthaftes Hindernis dar, lag dies doch nicht zuletzt darin begründet, die wirtschaftlichen Verhältnisse mittels Eheband zu verstetigen. Ähnlich trifft dies auch für das Bürgertum zu, um die politische Macht in den Städten zu halten. Für das ländlich strukturierte Umfeld galt indes: Die Knappheit an Bewohnern und die Verstreutheit des herrschaftlichen Eigentums begünstigten die Ehen unter Verwandten.

El presente estudio se plantea la validez de la estructura departamental en el organigrama de la Universidad española. Si realmente los Departamentos han cumplido las expectativas del legislador a la hora de definirlos como "unidades fundamentales de enseñanza e investigación". Para ello se ha procedido al análisis de la vida de un Departamento durante 40 años a la vista de los textos legales y de la realidad vivida de cada día, reflejada en las actas del Consejo de Departamento. ; The present study considers the validity of the departmental structure in the Spanish University's organizational chart. If the Departments have really fulfilled the expectations of the legislator who defined them like "fundamental units of education and investigation". Analysis of a Department's life during 40 years in view of legal texts and of the reality lived in every day's life, as reflected in the acts of the Council of Department. ; La présente étude se pose la question de la validité de la structure départementale dans l'organigramme de l'Université espagnole. Si les Départements ont accompli réellement les espoirs du législateur au moment de les définir comme " unités fondamentales d'enseignement et recherche ". Pour cela on a procédé à l'analyse de la vie d'un Département pendant 40 années, depuis les textes légaux et de la réalité quotidienne, telle qu'elle se refléte dans les actes du Conseil du Département.

Very soon, the 1812 Constitution of Cádiz became an archetype, the pattern to be followed by the liberalism, not only European but also Hispano-American. Consequently, when the liberal revolution took over in Portugal, there is little wonder that the text from Cádiz was taken in careful consideration in order to draft theConstitution. However, the Portuguese Constitution of 1822 introduced new and very important concepts with respect to the Spanish one, ten years older. In order to explain these changes it has been argued that the intention of the Portuguese constituents was to produce a more liberal draft than the 1812 Spanish Constitution. The present work deals with the hypotheses that the amendments introduced by authors of the 1822 Constitution were mainly due to their sound knowledge of the day-by-day political life of the Liberal Trienium, with the political and legal problems that the application of 1812 Spanish Constitution was bringing in the daily practice. ; La Constitución de Cádiz de 1812 se convirtió muy pronto en el arquetipo o modelo a seguir no sólo por el liberalismo europeo, sino también por el hispanoamericano. No es de extrañar, en consecuencia, que cuando triunfó la revolución liberal en Portugal, el Texto gaditano fuera muy tenido en cuenta a la hora de redactar la Constitución. Sin embargo, la Constitución portuguesa de 1822 introdujo importantes novedades con respecto a la Gaditana de 1812. Estos cambios se han intentando explicar desde la idea de que los constituyentes portugueses quisieron hacer una Constitución más liberal que la española. En este trabajo se parte de la hipótesis de que las modificaciones introducidas por los autores de la Constitución de 1822 obedecieron principalmente al buen conocimiento de la realidad política del Trienio Liberal y a los problemas político jurídicos que la aplicación de la Constitución de 1812 estaba ocasionando en la práctica.

The DANCERS project through a combination of stakeholder engagement, review of historical projects and programmes and state of the art science has built upon the EUSDR to develop a Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda (SRIA) to focus scientific effort across the entire Danube – Danube Delta – Black Sea (DBS) system. The added value of the implementation of this agenda will be a move towards sustainable development resulting from scientifically grounded and informed decision-based – both integrated across disciplines and the full extent of the DBS system. The development of the SRIA was achieved using a cross-disciplinary team of scientists who through a series of workshops worked directly with stakeholders from research and education, government and industry to identify their needs and the current opportunities. This was used to inform the scientific research direction to derive current state of the art and this knowledge in conjunction with a review of historical and current research projects and programmes was utilised to effectively shape the SRIA. The document introduces the issues and challenges involved (Section 1), outlines the approaches used to develop the SRIA (Section 2) and the corresponding results (Section 3) were used to identify twenty one research topics. All of these correlated with at least two or more of the EUSDR Pillars (Connect the Region, Protecting the Environment, Building Prosperity, Strengthening the Region) and are detailed in Section 4. Overall conclusions on the direction of Research and Innovation in the DBS System and the relevance and potential benefits of implementing research under one or all of the suggested SRIA research topics is included in the list on Section 5. ; Postprint (published version)

Abstract. This paper deals with the limits in hydrodynamic and morphodynamic predictions for semi-enclosed coastal domains subject to sharp gradients (in bathymetry, topography, sediment transport and coastal damages). It starts with an overview of wave prediction limits (based on satellite images and buoy records) in a restricted domain, namely the Mediterranean basin, followed by an in-depth analysis of the Catalan coast, one of its land boundaries. The morphodynamic modelling for such regions is next discussed, based on the impact of a characteristic storm. The driving wave and surge conditions produce a morphodynamic response that is validated against the pre- and post-storm emerged beach state, recovered from two lidar images. The quality of the fit is discussed in terms of the physical processes and the suitability of the employed modelling suite. From here an assessment of errors and uncertainties is presented, with the aim of establishing the prediction limits for flooding and erosion analyses, key elements for coastal engineering decisions.

Abstract. This paper reviews the characterization of wave storms along the Spanish/Catalan Mediterranean coast. It considers the "physical" and "statistical" description of wave parameters and how they are affected by the prevailing meteo patterns and the sharp gradients in orography and bathymetry. The available field data and numerically simulated wave fields are discussed from this perspective. The resulting limits in accuracy and predictability are illustrated with specific examples. This allows deriving some conclusions for both short-term operational predictions and a long-term climatic assessment.

The increasing quality and quantity of information provided by Copernicus (the European Union Programme funneling Earth Observation and in situ data into a broad set of information services) offer the possibility to analyse and predict coastal meteooceanographic processes at an unprecedented level. A decisive step in this direction is presently being supported by the launch of the Sentinel satellite constellation started in April 2014 and deemed to be completed in 2020. The overall fleet is composed by a set of six families of devices, each addressing different aspects of atmosphere, ocean and land monitoring. The new resolution in space, coverage in time, combinations of sensors offered by satellite Sentinel family will be providing a unique opportunity to develop the Copernicus coastal dimension and to tackle the pressures of increasing population and activities threatening the sustainability of coastal resources and infrastructures. The combination of ocean/atmosphere/land observations made available in particular from the Sentinel (S) 1/2/3 satellites, aligned with the capabilities of an increasing number of high-resolution numerical systems (more specifically, coupled atmospheric, wave and current ones) within the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) catalogue, should then allow users to access improved representations of the coastal environment. ; Postprint (published version)

Se reúnen en esta aportación dos trabajos diferentes relativos a los inicios de la Guerra de la en el primero de ellos, debido al profesor Sánchez-Arcilla, se recogen las actas y algunos documentos de los miembros de la Junta Suprema de Gobierno, que actuó tan sólo unos meses en el Madrid de 1808; en el segundo, recogido por el profesor Porras, se relaciona parte de una correspondencia privada que da cuenta del saqueo de la ciudad de Jaén en el verano de ese año, siendo preludio de la actitud popular en la batalla de Bailén. ; Two different works regarding the beginnings of the Peninsular War. The first of them, due to professor Sanchez-Arcilla, shows the acts and some documents relative to the members of the Junta Suprema de Gobierno, who acted for just some months in 1808's Madrid. In the second work, picked up by professor Porras, part of a private correspondence is presented, relating the sacking of the city of Jaén in the summer of that year, being the prelude of the popular attitude in the Bailén battle. ; Deux travaux différents relatifs aux débuts de la Guerre de l'Indépendance se réunissent dans cette contribution: dans le premier de d'eux, le professeur Sánchez-Arcilla reprend les actes et quelques documents appartenant aux membres de la Junta Suprema de Gobierno, qui a agi seulement pour quelques mois à Madrid dans l'année 1808 ; dans le deuxième, repris par le professeur Porras, on met en rapport une partie d'une correspondance privée qui rend compte du pillage de la ville de Jaén durant l'été de cette année, étant déjà l'annonce de l'attitude populaire dans la bataille de Bailén. En alemán: In diesem Beitrag sind zwei verschiedene Arbeiten über die Anfänge des Unabhängigkeitskrieges versammelt: Professor Sánchez-Arcilla stellt die Akten und einige Dokumente der Mitglieder der Obersten Versammlung der Regierung (Junta Suprema de Gobierno) zusammen, die 1808 lediglich für wenige Monate in Madrid das Sagen hatte. Professor Porras verbindet diese Arbeit mit Teilen eines privaten Briefwechsels, der über die Einnahme der Stadt Jaén im Sommer jenes Jahres Rechenschaft ablegt. Diese Einnahme war wiederum vorbereitendes Ereignis des Tatbeitrages der Bevölkerung in der Schlacht von Bailén.