Suchergebnisse

As a result of the first free and democratic elections in Hungary, in May 1990, József Antall formed a government, whose foreign goal was the restoration of the sovereignty of Hungary and the support and representation of the Euro-Atlantic integration and of the Hungarians across the border. In the Hungarian-Czechoslovak bilateral relations, the new Hungarian government's aim was to expand the political relations in both federal and republican levels. It was Hungary's interest that serious legacies, such as the issue of the Bős-Nagymaros Dam system, should not hold back the general advance, therefore, a solution appropriate for both parties had to be found. The paper presents the Hungarian-Czechoslovak relations from the Hungarian perspective in the years 1990–1992.

On March 19, 1944, under the German occupation, Hungary lost its sovereignty. Due to the Second World War and the fighting in Budapest, the building and organization of the Hungarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs were in ruins. After the war, the reorganization of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs began with the employees of the Hungarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs operating between 1920 and 1944. The Ministry followed the previous organizational and operational principle. Diplomats and ministry workers gained their foreign experiences before the war. In parallel with the takeover of power by the communists in Hungary, many diplomats and foreign workers emigrated due to the removal of old specialists and the open takeover of power by the communists. The communist-led Ministry of Foreign Affairs had a huge shortage of staff and specialists, which were replaced on the one hand by communist cadres of working and peasant origin, and on the other hand the Foreign Academy was established whose curriculum consisted of the classics of Marxism-Leninism. In 1950, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was reorganized, and a horizontal and vertical operating structure was established.

Abstract
As a result of the first free and democratic elections in Hungary, in May 1990, József Antall formed a government, whose foreign policy goal was the restoration of the sovereignty of Hungary and the support and representation of the Euro-Atlantic integration and of the Hungarians across the border. In the Hungarian–Czechoslovak bilateral relations, the new Hungarian government's aim was to expand the political relations in both federal and republican levels. It was Hungary's interest that serious legacies, such as the issue of the Bős– Nagymaros Dam system, should not hold back the general advance, wherefore a solution appropriate for both parties had to be found. Hungary considered Czechoslovakia as an outstanding economic partner. The Antall government took steps so that the fate and future of the Slovakian Hungarians would be ensured in accordance with the European development standards. One of the key issues in this was the consistent Czechoslovak condemnation of the principle of collective guilt, the Beneš decrees. During the dialogues, certain elements of the common historical past returned several times.

Abstract
My dissertation is based on more than ten years of archival research. One of the goals of Antall's foreign policy was the Euro-Atlantic integration. In December 1991, Hungary signed an association agreement with the European Community. By 1992, opinions on the future were divided between and within the Member States of the European Communities. There was a debate among the twelve about the concept of 'deepening' or 'widening', and the term 'multi-speed Europe' appeared. At this time, a number of questions arose about the full membership of the Trio in NATO, of which 'how' and 'when' came first. It has also been suggested whether it would be more appropriate to intensify economic and political cooperation rather than military ones. Perhaps the NACC should be thoroughly expanded first and then move on to expanding the range of full member states?

Magyarország az elsők között vette fel a diplomáciai kapcsolatot a függetlenné vált Ukrajnával, a kijevi vezetés pedig Budapesten nyitotta meg az első nagykövetségét. A jószomszédi és baráti kapcsolatokat az 1991 végén megkötött magyar–ukrán alapszerződés rögzítette, amely keretet biztosított a két ország közötti szoros együttműködésnek. Ezt mutatták a magyar és az ukrán vezetők gyakori, kölcsönös látogatásai is. Az 1990-es évek elején a magyar–ukrán reláció baráti volt; Kijev kiemelt figyelmet fordított az Ukrajnában, Kárpátalján élő magyar ajkú lakosságra. A kétoldalú diplomáciai kapcsolatok lényeges elemeinek a bemutatásához szükségesnek tartom áttekinteni a függetlenséget nyert volt szovjet tagköztársaság szomszédságpolitikáját, illetve regionális helyzetét.