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"Turkey has been a critical case to study to assess the impact of EU conditionality on non-member states, but has lost its visibility following the debates on the detachment of Turkey from the EU gradually since 2005. This book studies Turkey-EU relations in the area of foreign policy from 1987 when Turkey applied for full membership and expanding to the present-day retrenchment of Turkey from the EU. It provides a unique perspective in looking to explain the entirety of the EU-Turkey relations during this period covering then both transformation and retrenchment of Turkish foreign policy from the EU requirements. The book further illustrates that the conditionality mechanism is still relevant to study EU-Turkey relations, and when applied systematically, can map both attachment and detachment from the EU. It is also critical to understand how Turkey has distanced itself from the EU gradually and incrementally. This book is of key interest to scholars and students of EU foreign policy, Turkish foreign policy, conditionality, foreign policy analysis, Turkish-EU relations, the ENP and more broadly to international relations"--

This paper studies the sociology of elites and the role of cliques on the foreign policy-making process through an exploratory case study of Turkish Ministry for Foreign Affairs. It identifies elite sociology as the independent variable triggering a policy-making process in the Turkish Ministry for Foreign Affairs in line with organisational process or governmental politic approaches. It shows that until the 1980s, the Turkish Ministry for Foreign Affairs was marked by strong hierarchical tradition triggered by a certain career path and cliqueism leading to the homogeneity in the sociology of elites. This in turn triggered a foreign policy-making process based on organisational process. The role of cliqueism weakened along with the incremental circulation of elites in the post-1980s and particularly in the post-2005 period as the elite structure in the Turkish Ministry for Foreign Affairs became even more heterogeneous, foreign policy-making process moved towards governmental politics which allowed taking into account diverse schools of thought. Nevertheless, newly emerging programmatic elites employed deliberate efforts for elite circulation by altering the dominant career path and relying on political appointments. The resulting outcome was the emergence of a new clique of ruling elites subordinate to political elites which led to the politicisation of the foreign policy decision-making process in the post-2011 period.

Turkey has been a critical case to study to assess the impact of EU conditionality on non-member states, but has lost its visibility following the debates on the detachment of Turkey from the EU gradually since 2005.This book studies Turkey–EU relations in the area of foreign policy from 1987 when Turkey applied for full membership and expanding to the present-day retrenchment of Turkey from the EU. It provides a unique perspective in looking to explain the entirety of the EU–Turkey relations during this period, covering both transformation and retrenchment of Turkish foreign policy from the EU requirements. The book further illustrates that the conditionality mechanism is still relevant to study EU–Turkey relations, and when applied systematically, can map both attachment and detachment from the EU. It is also critical to understand how Turkey has distanced itself from the EU gradually and incrementally. This book is of key interest to scholars and students of EU foreign policy, Turkish foreign policy, conditionality, foreign policy analysis, Turkish–EU relations, the ENP and more broadly to international relations.

AbstractStarting from the 'gender problem' in European studies, we scrutinize the gendered knowledge production patterns in a least likely case to be gendered, EU–Turkey studies, due to the overrepresentation of women in the field and its feminine image. We utilize feminist standpoint theory and apply research synthesis and citation analysis techniques to two original datasets comprising 300 articles in 26 Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) journals, published from 1996 to 2020 and involving 8494 citations. Our findings reveal that male‐dominated knowledge marks even EU–Turkey studies with men outnumbering women in authorships and an extremely limited number of articles focusing on gender, whilst ampler disparities transpire in first authorships and citations. Whilst women have progressively disrupted male‐dominated knowledge by surpassing male authorship numbers since 2014, engaging in greater theoretical sophistication and having a greater inclination to cite women, limited incorporation of women's standpoint hinders the field's potential to address gender inequalities and promote gender‐sensitive policies and development.

As relations between the European Union (EU) and Turkey have progressed, so has the body of literature on the relationship – to the extent that we can now identify 'EU–Turkey studies' as a boutique sub-discipline of EU studies. This article provides a systematic mapping of the evolution of EU–Turkey studies from 1996 to 2020 in order to explore the degree of epistemic diversity featured in the discipline as an indicator of epistemic (in)justice. Utilising the research synthesis technique, we analyse a novel dataset involving 300 articles published in 26 SSCI journals to scrutinise the extent of epistemic diversity in the discipline. Our mapping reveals two central features of EU–Turkey studies. First, the transformation of the discipline has largely been contingent on critical milestones in EU–Turkey relations. Lately, increasing conflictual dynamics in bilateral relations resulted in diminishing scholarly commitment to studying EU–Turkey relations. Second, epistemic diversity has remained fairly limited given the lack of geographic diversity in authorship, the accumulation of the publications in specific journals, and the segregated co-authorship clusters that limit the amalgamation of different ideas and values. At the same time, knowledge production in EU–Turkey studies has been mainly Eurocentric, due to the almost exclusive use of grand and up-and-coming theories/concepts of European integration, while the proliferation of issue areas since the launch of the discipline has not culminated in a strong focus on non-traditional, avant-garde research topics as such. To ensure epistemic justice in the discipline, EU–Turkey studies should place stronger emphasis on unconventional issue areas and on the explanatory power of mainstream and unorthodox (IR) theories that have the potential to explore the relationship within the context of the multilateral system in which EU–Turkey relations increasingly operate.

Summary
This article analyses the gender performances of Turkish women diplomats through in-depth interviews. Building on Morison and MacLeod's performance-performativity approach, we highlight the need to take into account the different meanings and significance of gender performances under different political and social conditions. We find that a shift and the diversification of gender performances are under way among Turkish women diplomats, from female masculinity being the dominant form towards hegemonic femininity becoming more common. We note that this change is associated with the increasing valorisation of femininity in diplomacy and the changing priorities of the feminist movement and foreign policy in Turkey. We caution, however, that the enactments of hegemonic femininity are not necessarily empowering women diplomats and may inadvertently provide a basis for undermining the role and status of women in the increasingly anti-feminist political context in Turkey.

Part I: Conceptual Framework -- Chapter 1: Introduction: Why Gender and the EU?; Rahime Süleymanoğlu-Kürüm and F. Melis Cin -- Chapter 2: Enlargement Strategy of the EU: A Framework for Analysis for the (de)Europeanisation in Turkey; Diğdem Soyaltın-Colella and Rahime Süleymanoğlu-Kürüm -- Chapter 3: EU Foreign Policy and Gender: How does the EU Incorporate Gender in its External Relations?; Dimitrios Anagnostakis -- Chapter 4: Alternative Explanations from Feminist Theories: Towards a Feminist Framework for the Europeanisation Process; F. Melis Cin and Rahime Süleymanoğlu-Kürüm -- Chapter 5: Construction of a Gender Equality Regime? The Case of European Union Assistance in Turkey; Büke Boşnak -- Part II. Empirical Analysis of Gender Policies in Turkey -- Chapter 6: Internationalism and Europeanisation in the struggle over gender equality: Women's rights/feminist movement in Turkey; Elif Uzgören -- Chapter 7: Cherry-picking in Policymaking: The EU's Presumptive Roles on Gender Policymaking in Turkey; Burcu Taşkın -- Chapter 8: Turkey's Legislative Reforms to Address Violence against Women, and the EU: Uphill Struggles, Hard-Won Achievements and a Promising Ally; Burcu Özdemir Sarıgil -- Chapter 9: Budgetary Impact of Gender Mainstreaming and its Implementations in the EU and Turkey -- Gamze Yıldız Şeren Kurular -- Chapter 10: Gender Inequality in Businesses: Woman Managers and Resilient Gender Norms; Mine Afacan Fındıklı, Duygu Acar Erdur and Ayfer Ustabaş -- Chapter 11: Gender equality in Basic Education: Feminist Constructions of the EU; F. Melis Cin and Ecem Karlıdağ-Dennis -- Chapter 12: The External Dimension of EU Migration and Refugee Policies: Gender-Specific Challenges; Canan Ezel Tabur -- Chapter 13: Conclusion: Can the EU be a feminist actor?; Rahime Süleymanoğlu-Kürüm and F. Melis Cin.

Parliamentarians find themselves engaged in political struggle through the medium of language and constrained by their own rhetoric. These parliamentary debates reveal political perceptions. The external perceptions about the European Union emerge as a relatively understudied topic in political science. This brings forth the following question; how is the European Union and its foreign policy perceived externally? This paper focuses on one particular country, Turkey and the political deliberations within the Turkish Parliament, in order to assess the external perceptions of the EU. The paper analyzes the political debate in Turkey through an investigation of the proceedings of the Turkish Parliament, the legislature in Turkish politics, from 1998 to 2012. The proceedings in the Turkish Parliament enable us to analyze the different political camps' positions by looking into their deliberations on the European foreign policy thoroughly. This analysis enables us to uncover the Turkish view on the European foreign policy.