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Spatial patterns in socioeconomic data reveal issues and trends that would otherwise be missed by data aggregation to political or other units. Geographic Information System (GIS) tools provide display and analysis capabilities that are underutilized by many social scientists. The present article combines field-based surveys that maintain locational information with GIS tools to examine gender roles, responsibilities, and workloads in a spatial context for a case-study watershed in Nepal. Adult women outworked men by an average of 3.8 hours per day. Spatial differences in workloads are related to road access, with women living near the road working longer days, and men near the road participating more in typically female tasks such as collecting drinking water. Households with poor access have larger landholdings, greater total production, and are more reliant on subsistence agriculture. Households with road access use more agrochemicals, have smaller landholdings, and are more reliant on off-farm employment to meet their families' needs. GIS helps communicate these spatial trends more clearly and quantifies key issues when combined with statistical analysis. The use of field-based participatory techniques, aerial photographs and quantitative GIS and statistical analysis is infrequent in gender analysis but provides social scientists with powerful tools for investigating variability. In this study, the significant influence of the road on socioeconomic issues was highlighted, along with the need to focus development activities spatially.

A review essay on seven books about African literature (see listings in IRPS No. 84). Questions of language are manifest in each of these books. First of all, many African writers emerge from complex linguistic backgrounds, as Derek Wright's The Novels of Nuruddin Farah makes apparent. Equally important, critics vary in their knowledge of & assumptions about the languages of Africa, as both Chantal Zabus & Kenneth H. Harrow demonstrate in different ways in The African Palimpset & Thresholds of Change in African Literature, respectively. Adewale Maja-Pearce's A Mask Dancing & Chris Dunton's Make Man Talk True show that linguistic traditions help shape the kinds of fiction & drama that are produced. Finally, Abdulrazak Gurnah's edited volume, Essays on African Writing, reminds us of the diversity of African writers & languages, & Eckhard Breitinger's edited volume, Theatre and Performance in Africa, reminds us that a popular literature must, by definition, employ a language with which its readers, hearers, & participants can engage. M. Maguire

THE AUTHORS OF "HABITS OF THE HEART" BELIEVE THAT AMERICAN INDIVIDUALISM MAY BE DESTROYING THOSE SOCIAL INTEGUMENTS BELIEVED TO BE MODERATING ITS MORE DESTRUCTIVE POTENTIALITIES. HOWEVER, BECAUSE THEY COME TO THEIR RESEARCH WITH AN ANTI-INDIVIDUALISTIC BIAS IN PLACE, THE AUTHORS FAIL TO ACKNOWLEDGE THE ROLE OF EITHER RECENT HISTORICAL EVENTS OR INFLUENCES OTHER THAN INDIVIDUALISTIC IDEAS IN SHAPING AMERICAN CULTURE. AN ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATION FOR THE EMERGENCE OF THE ISOLATED SELF AND THE INCOHERENCE OF MORAL DISCOURSE IN AMERICAN LIFE IS PRESENTED. BOTH OF THESE PHENOMENA ARE VIEWED AS TEMPRORARY RESPONSES TO A SHIFT IN AMERICAN CHARACTER.

Account of Francis Babcock with Stephen Brown for repairing a coat.

Global health partnerships created to encourage funding efficiencies need to be approached with some caution, with claims for innovation and responsiveness to development needs based on untested assumptions around the potential of some partners to adapt their application, funding and evaluation procedures within these new structures. We examine this in the case of the Health Systems Funding Platform, which despite being set up some three years earlier, has stalled at the point of implementation of its key elements of collaboration. While much of the attention has been centred on the suspension of the Global Fund's Round 11, and what this might mean for health systems strengthening and the Platform more broadly, we argue that inadequate scrutiny has been made of the World Bank's contribution to this partnership, which might have been reasonably anticipated based on an historical analysis of development perspectives. Given the tensions being created by the apparent vulnerability of the health systems strengthening agenda, and the increasing rhetoric around the need for greater harmonization in development assistance, an examination of the positioning of the World Bank in this context is vital.

-- The First Populist offers a new way to interpret Jackson's legacy, connecting "Old Hickory "to a longer history of division, dissent, and partisanship that has come to define our current times.

Cover -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Part I: Patriot Kings -- 1. Between Aristocracy and Democracy -- 2. Up from Federalism -- 3. Reckoning with the Original Sunbelt Right -- 4. The Jeffersonian Origins of the GOP -- Part II: Progressives -- 5. The Last Patrician -- 6. Between Privilege and Poverty -- 7. Losing the Square Deal Center -- Part III: Pragmatists -- 8. "Me-Too" Republicanism Meets the New Right -- 9. West of Center -- 10. After Liberalism -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O

When separatist revolts erupted in Spain's American colonies in the early 1800s, opinion in the United States was undecided as to what position to take. Proximity and America's own anti-colonial ethos favored sympathy with the rebel cause, yet U.S. strategic interests during the tumultuous Napoleonic Wars dictated a policy of neutrality. When representatives of the rebel provinces came to the U.S. seeking support, arms or recognition, and even launched armed assaults on Spanish territory and shipping from U.S. soil, American opinion split sharply. Should the untested rebel regimes be officiall