The paper analyzes the genesis of modern political humor and determines its position in the system of spiritual relations in society. The formation of the need to comprehend social relations by means of humor during progressive transition from traditional to modern society is investigated. We note that humor is essentially a social phenomenon. A fundamental distinction between humor formed in the modern period and humor of previous times is the presence of reflexivity. New kind of humor has also dealt with political relations began to be interpreted by means of humor culture. In the course of research we found that comic interpretation of politics became feasible due to the legislative fixation of individual rights as a part of modern political culture. The emancipated personality demonstrates more complicated expectations to a political institute and experiences acute dissatisfaction as state authorities have often made decisions not appropriate to such expectations. For the individual as sovereign entity political humor became a sort of social and psychological compensation. An author pays attention to the fact that the social subject having shown such a reaction was formed during the second half of XIX and the beginning of XX centuries because of the dissemination of the print media and was named «the audience». The audience became a key agent of humorous reflection about the political institute. As a case that grounds the applicability of this theory to the practice the paper considers the example of inclusion of specific comic genre (political caricature) in the social discourse in the West and in Russia.
In this work, the problem of calculating the efficiency of turbo-units of various types that are part of the equipment of electric and thermal energy sources was solved. In simplified approaches to the representation of turbine units, often used in algorithms of power system optimization programs, in order to reduce the estimated time, the dependence of the plant efficiency on the current power is ignored, the influence of the pressure in the steam extraction of cogeneration turbines to cover the heat load and the idle speed of the turbines are not taken into account. These approaches are easy to use and implement, however, they can introduce noticeable errors in the optimization results due to the lack of consideration of parameters and dependencies that occur in real equipment operation modes and significantly affect the amount of fuel used by the optimized system. In contrast to the simplified approach, energy characteristics were used in the work to determine the efficiency factors characterizing the efficiency of turbine units. This allows providing a more accurate assessment of the effectiveness in various operating modes without significantly complicating the algorithm with a slight increase in the estimated time. Using the proposed approach showed the presence of a noticeable refinement of efficiency compared to simple models and, therefore, the feasibility of representing turbine units using energy characteristics in program algorithms designed to optimize energy systems.
In the process of providing combat operations, the designs of military equipment products are subject to significant effects of both regular and non-regular dynamic loads, which can lead to their mechanical destruction. Among the dynamic loads acting on military hardware products, it is possible to identify short-term, caused by explosive and shock effects, and long-term vibrational loads that arise during transportation. As a result, there is the problem of ensuring the conservation of mechanical products of military equipment under dynamic impacts during the preparation and conduct of combat operations. The impact of a shock wave on military hardware products has a complex dynamic nature, depending on the wave parameters and the features of the object under consideration. Various results of this impact are possible, such as product destruction, turnover, change in the nature of motion, and others. The conservability of products with respect to the air shock wave is established experimentally. In addition to explosive loads, shock loads affect military equipment. In accordance with this, consider the local and general action of the thrust. Local action is characterized by the occurrence of local deformations and structural damage. The general action is accompanied by significant general deformations and destruction of the entire construction. The effect of prolonged vibration loads on military hardware products is mainly related to transportation processes. With prolonged cyclic loading, the destruction of the material of the structural elements can occur also at a stress amplitude less than the elastic limit. The article gives a definition of embedded mechanical systems and formulates their basic properties, which allow us to propose a hypothesis that in order to ensure the mechanical storage of products subject to dynamic influences, it is necessary to use embedded mechanical systems. Based on the nesting principle of mechanical systems, a method for increasing the retentivity of military equipment was proposed. The use of nested mechanical systems makes it possible to ensure the mechanical retention of military equipment by reducing the total energy supplied to the allowable value for the product to be stored. ; В процесі забезпечення бойових дій, конструкції виробів військової техніки піддаються значним діям як штатних так і не штатних динамічних навантажень, які можуть привести до їх механічного руйнування. Серед динамічних навантажень, що діють на вироби військової техніки, можна виділити короткочасні, такі, що викликаються вибуховими і ударними діями, і тривалі вібраційні навантаження, що виникають в процесі транспортування. У зв'язку з цим існує проблема забезпечення механічної збереженості виробів військової техніки при динамічних діях. У роботі дано визначення вкладеним механічним системам і сформульовані їх основні властивості, які дозволяють висунути гіпотезу про те, що для забезпечення механічної збереженості виробів, схильних до динамічних дій, необхідно застосовувати вкладені механічні системи. На підставі принципу вкладеності механічних систем запропонований метод підвищення збереженості виробів військової техніки. Вживання вкладених механічних систем дозволяє забезпечити механічну збереженість виробів військової техніки, шляхом зниження підведеної повної енергії до допустимої для зберігання виробу.
An analysis of the existing regulatory framework for the involvement of units and units of the National Guard of Ukraine to participate in the elimination of the consequences of an emergency situation that led to the imposition of a state of emergency in certain territories of Ukraine. The tasks of the National Guard of Ukraine forces in accordance with the normative-legal documents regulating the activity of the National Guard of Ukraine in case of announcement of a state of emergency in the event of an emergency situation are revealed and determined, the dependence and sequence of involvement of the National Guard of Ukraine forces through the imposition of a state of emergency is determined. The analysis of the inconsistency of the governing documents on the involvement of the National Guard of Ukraine forces, which are conducted in military units by the plans of joint action of the SES, the AFU, the MRF, and civil protection units. The problematic aspects of the legal base of involvement of units and units of the National Guard of Ukraine in participation in the elimination of the consequences of an emergency are highlighted.The National Guard of Ukraine as a successor to the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs took on a considerable number of tasks, but the legal framework on many issues remained from the Internal Troops, although the organizational structure of the National Guard of Ukraine has been radically changed: equipment has been increased and logistical support of units and individual servicemen of special forces units has been improved. In the lights of events taking place in the territory of Ukraine there is an increased risk of terrorist threats, which in turn can lead to emergencies that will lead to the imposition of a state of emergency in certain territories of Ukraine. There is a need to take into account the location of hazardous objects in the territory of Ukraine when planning special operations to eliminate the consequences of an emergency situation from the available forces and means of units of the National Guard of Ukraine located within the area of imposition of emergency. ; Проведено аналіз наявної на цей час нормативно-правової бази щодо залучення частин і підрозділів Національної гвардії України до участі в ліквідації наслідків надзвичайної ситуації, що призвела до введення надзвичайного стану на окремих територіях України. Проаналізовано також керівні документи стосовно залучення сил Національної гвардії України, які ведуться у військових частинах, з приводу їх відповідності планам спільних дій Державної служби України з надзвичайних ситуацій, Збройних Сил України, Державної прикордонної служби України, підрозділів цивільного захисту. Висвітлено проблемні аспекти нормативно-правової бази щодо залучення частин і підрозділів Національної гвардії України до участі в ліквідації наслідків надзвичайної ситуації.
An analysis of the existing regulatory framework for the involvement of units and units of the National Guard of Ukraine to participate in the elimination of the consequences of an emergency situation that led to the imposition of a state of emergency in certain territories of Ukraine. The tasks of the National Guard of Ukraine forces in accordance with the normative-legal documents regulating the activity of the National Guard of Ukraine in case of announcement of a state of emergency in the event of an emergency situation are revealed and determined, the dependence and sequence of involvement of the National Guard of Ukraine forces through the imposition of a state of emergency is determined. The analysis of the inconsistency of the governing documents on the involvement of the National Guard of Ukraine forces, which are conducted in military units by the plans of joint action of the SES, the AFU, the MRF, and civil protection units. The problematic aspects of the legal base of involvement of units and units of the National Guard of Ukraine in participation in the elimination of the consequences of an emergency are highlighted.The National Guard of Ukraine as a successor to the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs took on a considerable number of tasks, but the legal framework on many issues remained from the Internal Troops, although the organizational structure of the National Guard of Ukraine has been radically changed: equipment has been increased and logistical support of units and individual servicemen of special forces units has been improved. In the lights of events taking place in the territory of Ukraine there is an increased risk of terrorist threats, which in turn can lead to emergencies that will lead to the imposition of a state of emergency in certain territories of Ukraine. There is a need to take into account the location of hazardous objects in the territory of Ukraine when planning special operations to eliminate the consequences of an emergency situation from the available forces and means of units of the National Guard of Ukraine located within the area of imposition of emergency. ; Проведено аналіз наявної на цей час нормативно-правової бази щодо залучення частин і підрозділів Національної гвардії України до участі в ліквідації наслідків надзвичайної ситуації, що призвела до введення надзвичайного стану на окремих територіях України. Проаналізовано також керівні документи стосовно залучення сил Національної гвардії України, які ведуться у військових частинах, з приводу їх відповідності планам спільних дій Державної служби України з надзвичайних ситуацій, Збройних Сил України, Державної прикордонної служби України, підрозділів цивільного захисту. Висвітлено проблемні аспекти нормативно-правової бази щодо залучення частин і підрозділів Національної гвардії України до участі в ліквідації наслідків надзвичайної ситуації.
Ebola outbreak in eastern parts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2018–2020 proved that the virus remains highly hazardous for humans, and the outbreak in West Africa in 2014–2016, which was the largest Ebola outbreak in history, showed that it could be imported to other continents, including Russia. In 1993 the Federal State Budgetary Institution "48th Central Scientific Research Institute" of the Russian Ministry of Defence developed a specific equine immunoglobulin for emergency prophylaxis of Ebola in risk groups. The evaluation and improvement of the product's properties is an important area in the development of biological defence technologies.The aim of the study was to examine the properties of the equine anti-Ebola immunoglobulin which had been stored for a long time at 2–8 °C.Materials and methods: the authors studied batches of heterologous anti-Ebola immunoglobulin that had been stored for 17–22 years. The properties of the product were evaluated according to the requirements of the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation, 14th ed. (Ph. Rus. 14 ed.). The specific activity of the product was determined in a plaque reduction neutralisation test using Ebola virus and African green monkey kidney cells (GMK-AH-1(D)). Immunoglobulin molecular parameters were determined by size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography using the test methods described in the European Pharmacopoeia 9.6 and Ph. Rus. 14 ed.Results: the storage of anti-Ebola immunoglobulin for 17–22 years at 2–8 °C resulted in a four-fold reduction of the level of virus-neutralising antibodies against Ebola, decrease in the proportion of monomers from 98 to 74–90%, increase in the proportion of dimers and polymers, and formation of immunoglobulin molecules' fragments. Signs of toxicity for mice were observed in one of the three product batches. Conclusions: the obtained results suggest the need to perform more studies to test the quality of antiEbola immunoglobulin batches that were stored for shorter periods of time in order to assess the stability of their initial characteristics. ; Вспышка геморрагической лихорадки Эбола в восточных районах Демократической Республики Конго в 2018–2020 гг. показала сохраняющуюся высокую опасность вируса для человечества, а вспышка в Западной Африке в 2014–2016 гг., самая крупная с момента обнаружения вируса – возможность его ввоза в другие страны, в том числе в Россию. В ФГБУ «48 ЦНИИ» Минобороны России в 1993 г. разработан специфический лошадиный иммуноглобулин для экстренной профилактики лихорадки Эбола в группах риска. Изучение и совершенствование его защитных свойств является актуальным направлением разработки средств биологической защиты. Цель работы: оценить свойства иммуноглобулина против лихорадки Эбола из сыворотки крови лошадей после длительного хранения при температуре от 2 до 8 °С. Материалы и методы: серии гетерологичного иммуноглобулина против лихорадки Эбола, хранившиеся от 17 до 22 лет. Свойства иммуноглобулина оценивали согласно требованиям Государственной фармакопеи Российской Федерации XIV издания (ГФ РФ XIV изд.). Специфическую активность препарата определяли в реакции нейтрализации с вирусом Эбола в культуре клеток почки африканской зеленой мартышки (GМК-АН-1(Д)) методом подавления образования негативных колоний (бляшкообразования). Определение молекулярных параметров иммуноглобулина проводили методом эксклюзионной высокоэффективной жидкостной хроматографии согласно методикам, представленным в Европейской фармакопее 9.6 и ГФ РФ XIV изд. Результаты: хранение препарата иммуноглобулина против лихорадки Эбола в течение 17–22 лет при температуре от 2 до 8 °С привело к снижению уровня вируснейтрализующих антител к вирусу Эбола в 4 раза, уменьшению доли мономеров c 98 до 74–90%, увеличению доли димеров и полимеров, а также появлению фрагментов молекул иммуноглобулина. В одной из трех серий препарата была выявлена токсичность для белых нелинейных мышей. Выводы: полученные результаты свидетельствуют о целесообразности проведения дальнейших исследований по определению показателей качества серий иммуноглобулина против лихорадки Эбола, хранившихся менее продолжительные сроки, с целью оценки стабильности их исходных характеристик.
