By analyzing three case studies (neutrinos, victimization survey and quality of mass media), our present issue is to figure out if underlying successive accommodations to new rhetorical situations will have an impact on the respective importance of logos, ethos and pathos. We would like to pinpoint the stakes of science's public dimensions considering the scientists' image, their expertise, and also the given results' implication. We will especially take into account scientific papers that may be or are potentially controversial in the political, media and civic spheres.
El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de fluorosis dental y anomalías del desarrollo del esmalte en niños en edad escolar de la Escuela Básica "Filomena Dávila", del Estado Mérida, Venezuela. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de diseño transversal. Se incluyó la totalidad de la población, constituida por el total de la matrícula estudiantil, 128 niños entre 6 y 13 años de edad, de ambos géneros. El examen clínico se realizó con el niño sentado frente al examinador, utilizando luz natural y baja lenguas. En la evaluación clínica se aplicó el Índice de Defectos del Desarrollo del Esmalte (DDE) modificado para conocer presencia de opacidades e hipoplasia del esmalte y el Índice de Dean para conocer presencia de fluorosis dental. Los datos fueron vaciados en el Formulario de Evaluación de la Salud Bucal según la metodología descrita por la OMS. Se encontró que el 68% de los participantes no presentó fluorosis dental, en contraste con un 32% que presentó algún tipo de fluorosis. El 57,8% de la población no presentó anomalías en el desarrollo del esmalte, en contraste con un 22,7% que presentó opacidades delimitadas, opacidades difusas y la combinación de las antes mencionadas más hipoplasia dental. De acuerdo con el objetivo planteado en el presente estudio, el mayor porcentaje de la población no presenta fluorosis dental ni alteraciones en el desarrollo del esmalte, solo se observa fluorosis de tipo dudosa y muy leve, así como opacidades delimitadas y difusas, pero con muy poca frecuencia. Se recomienda a los entes de salud del Estado, que previo a la implementación de programas de prevención que incluyan uso tópico de flúor, se realice el diagnóstico de la población para planificar el protocolo de manejo de acuerdo con sus necesidades. Igualmente se recomienda a las autoridades directivas de planteles, controlar y supervisar las medidas preventivas que se realicen en las instituciones y a los padres y/o representantes, vigilar todas las medidas preventivas de las cuales son sujetos sus representados. ; The aims of this study was to determine the prevalence of dental fluorosis and developed defects of enamel opacities and hypoplasia, in children enrolled in the Basic School "Filomena Dávila" in Mérida, Venezuela. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted. The entire population was included in the study, 128 children of both genders, aged 6 to 13 years old, of both genders. The oral clinical examination was performed with the child sitting in front of the examiner, using natural light and tongue depressors. The clinical assessment was made using the Modified Developmental Defects of Enamel Index to meet the presence of opacities and hypoplasia of the enamel and Dean Index to find the presence of dental fluorosis. The oral health assessment form was filled with the data, according to World Health Organization methodology. Results indicated that 68% of the participants did not show dental fluorosis in contrast to 32% that presented fluorosis. 57.8% of the population did not show anomalies in the development of 22.7% showed demarcate and diffuse opacities, in some cases together with dental hypoplasia. In accordance with the aims of this study, the higher percentage of the population did not showed dental fluorosis or alterations of developed of enamel. It was observed that an important percentage of the studied population showed dental fluorosis and developed enamel defect. Therefore, is recommended to all government health entities that before doing a preventive programs with of topical fluoride, make the diagnosis in order to plan the management protocol, according the children´s needs. It is also recommended to schools authorities, have control and monitoring preventive measures in their educational institutions, and to the parents be aware to all preventive measures with that treat their children. ; 35-44 ; yanets@ula.ve, janetsimancas@gmail.com, janetsimancas@hotmail.com ; maria.salas@ula.ve ; norelkys@ula.ve, norelkyse@yahoo.com
Using Monte Carlo integration techniques, we investigate running coupling effects compatible with the high energy bootstrap condition to all orders in the strong coupling in evolution equations valid at small values of Bjorken x in deep inelastic scattering. A model for the running of the coupling with analytic behavior in the infrared region and compatible with power corrections to jet observables is used. As a difference to the fixed coupling case, where the momentum transfer acts as an effective strong cutoff of the diffusion to infrared scales, in our running coupling study the dependence on the momentum transfer is much milder. ; G. C. thanks the Paul Scherrer Institut, the Department of Theoretical Physics at the Autonoma University of Madrid and the "Instituto de Fisica Teorica UAM/CSIC" for their hospitality. Research partially supported by the Research Executive Agency (REA) of the European Union under Grant Agreement No. PITN-GA-2010-264564 (LHCPhenoNet) and No. PIEF-GA-2011-298582, the Comunidad de Madrid through Proyecto HEPHACOS ESP-1473, and MICINN (FPA-2010-17747, FPA2011-23778, FPA2007-60323 and CSD2007-00042 CPAN) and Spanish MINECOs "Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa" Programme under Grant No. SEV-2012-0249. ; Peer reviewed
El estudio analiza el empleo en las empresas manufactureras registradas bolivianas durante 1988-2007, estableciendo su relación con la regulación laboral a partir de indicadores de flujos y funciones de demanda. Los flujos de empleo muestran que las empresas con altas tasas de trabajadores temporales, comparativamente con aquellos permanentes asalariados, asociadas a menos costos derivados de la regulación, tienen las mayores tasas de reasignación y de crecimiento neto del empleo. Estas firmas fueron las únicas que contribuyeron con la creación de fuentes laborales en la crisis económica (1998- 1999). Las estimaciones de las funciones de demanda muestran que el incremento compulsorio del salario básico durante 2006-2009 y los mayores costos derivados de la nueva ley de pensiones habrían conducido a costos sociales en términos de pérdidas de empleos, siendo mayores para los obreros que para los restantes trabajadores. Además, las políticas de protección laboral también habrían afectado negativamente la demanda por obreros.
More than 60 marine non-indigenous species (NIS) have been removed from previous lists and 84 species have been added, bringing the total to 986 alien species in the Mediterranean [775 in the eastern Mediterranean (EMED), 249 in the central Mediterranean (CMED), 190 in the Adriatic Sea (ADRIA) and 308 in the western Mediterranean (WMED)]. There were 48 new entries since 2011 which can be interpreted as approximately one new entry every two weeks. The number of alien species continues to increase, by 2-3 species per year for macrophytes, molluscs and polychaetes, 3-4 species per year for crustaceans, and 6 species per year for fish. The dominant group among alien species is molluscs (with 215 species), followed by crustaceans (159) and polychaetes (132). Macrophytes are the leading group of NIS in the ADRIA and the WMED, reaching 26-30% of all aliens, whereas in the EMED they barely constitute 10% of the introductions. In the EMED, molluscs are the most species-rich group, followed by crustaceans, fish and polychaetes. More than half (54%) of the marine alien species in the Mediterranean were probably introduced by corridors (mainly Suez). Shipping is blamed directly for the introduction of only 12 species, whereas it is assumed to be the most likely pathway of introduction (via ballasts or fouling) of another 300 species. For approximately 100 species shipping is a probable pathway along with the Suez Canal and/or aquaculture. Approximately 20 species have been introduced with certainty via aquaculture, while >50 species (mostly macroalgae), occurring in the vicinity of oyster farms, are assumed to be introduced accidentally as contaminants of imported species. A total of 18 species are assumed to have been introduced by the aquarium trade. Lessepsian species decline westwards, while the reverse pattern is evident for ship-mediated species and for those introduced with aquaculture. There is an increasing trend in new introductions via the Suez Canal and via shipping.
More than 60 marine non-indigenous species (NIS) have been removed from previous lists and 84 species have been added, bringing the total to 986 alien species in the Mediterranean [775 in the eastern Mediterranean (EMED), 249 in the central Mediterranean (CMED), 190 in the Adriatic Sea (ADRIA) and 308 in the western Mediterranean (WMED)]. There were 48 new entries since 2011 which can be interpreted as approximately one new entry every two weeks. The number of alien species continues to increase, by 2-3 species per year for macrophytes, molluscs and polychaetes, 3-4 species per year for crustaceans, and 6 species per year for fish. The dominant group among alien species is molluscs (with 215 species), followed by crustaceans (159) and polychaetes (132). Macrophytes are the leading group of NIS in the ADRIA and the WMED, reaching 26-30% of all aliens, whereas in the EMED they barely constitute 10% of the introductions. In the EMED, molluscs are the most species-rich group, followed by crustaceans, fish and polychaetes. More than half (54%) of the marine alien species in the Mediterranean were probably introduced by corridors (mainly Suez). Shipping is blamed directly for the introduction of only 12 species, whereas it is assumed to be the most likely pathway of introduction (via ballasts or fouling) of another 300 species. For approximately 100 species shipping is a probable pathway along with the Suez Canal and/or aquaculture. Approximately 20 species have been introduced with certainty via aquaculture, while >50 species (mostly macroalgae), occurring in the vicinity of oyster farms, are assumed to be introduced accidentally as contaminants of imported species. A total of 18 species are assumed to have been introduced by the aquarium trade. Lessepsian species decline westwards, while the reverse pattern is evident for ship-mediated species and for those introduced with aquaculture. There is an increasing trend in new introductions via the Suez Canal and via shipping. ; The research leading to these results ...
WOS: 000315934300019 ; More than 60 marine non-indigenous species (NIS) have been removed from previous lists and 84 species have been added, bringing the total to 986 alien species in the Mediterranean [(775 in the eastern Mediterranean (EMED), 249 in the central Mediterranean (CMED), 190 in the Adriatic Sea (ADRIA) and 308 in the western Mediterranean (WMED)]. There were 48 new entries since 2011 which can be interpreted as approximately one new entry every two weeks. The number of alien species continues to increase, by 2-3 species per year for macrophytes, molluscs and polychaetes, 3-4 species per year for crustaceans, and 6 species per year for fish. The dominant group among alien species is molluscs (with 215 species), followed by crustaceans (159) and polychaetes (132). Macrophytes are the leading group of NIS in the ADRIA and the WMED, reaching 26-30% of all aliens, whereas in the EMED they barely constitute 10% of the introductions. In the EMED, molluscs are the most species-rich group, followed by crustaceans, fish and polychaetes. More than half (54%) of the marine alien species in the Mediterranean were probably introduced by corridors (mainly Suez). Shipping is blamed directly for the introduction of only 12 species, whereas it is assumed to be the most likely pathway of introduction (via ballasts or fouling) of another 300 species. For approximately 100 species shipping is a probable pathway along with the Suez Canal and/or aquaculture. Approximately 20 species have been introduced with certainty via aquaculture, while >50 species (mostly macroalgae), occurring in the vicinity of oyster farms, are assumed to be introduced accidentally as contaminants of imported species. A total of 18 species are assumed to have been introduced by the aquarium trade. Lessepsian species decline westwards, while the reverse pattern is evident for ship-mediated species and for those introduced with aquaculture. There is an increasing trend in new introductions via the Suez Canal and via shipping. ; European CommunityEuropean Community (EC) [287600]; Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected Areas of the UNEP/ Mediterranean Action Plan [67 /2011/RAC/RPA, 68 /2011/RAC/RPA, 69 /2011/RAC/RPA, 70 /2011/RAC/RPA, 71 /2011/RAC/RPA] ; The authors would like to thank G. Minos, P. Psomadakis, and D. Golani, for commenting on the nomenclature, distribution and establishment success of the fish and the anonymous reviewers whose comments substantially improved the quality of the manuscript. Sincere thanks are due to Mr N.J. Xentidis for preparing the figures. The research leading to these results was partly supported by funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme ([FP7/2007-2013]) under grant agreement no 287600 - PERSEUS project (Policy-oriented marine Environmental Research for the Southern European Seas). MAMIAS has been developed for the Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected Areas of the UNEP/ Mediterranean Action Plan under contracts No 67, 68, 69, 70 and 71 /2011/RAC/RPA.
Molecular epidemiology of circulating clinical isolates is crucial to improve prevention strategies. The Spanish Working Group on multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a network that monitors the MDR-TB isolates in Spain since 1998. The aim of this study was to present the study of the MDR-TB and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) patterns in Spain using the different recommended genotyping methods over time by a national coordinated system. Based on the proposed genotyping methods in the European Union until 2018, the preservation of one method, MIRU-VNTR, applied to selected clustered strains permitted to maintain our study open for 20 years. The distribution of demographic, clinical and epidemiological characteristics of clustered and non-clustered cases of MDR/XDR tuberculosis with proportion differences as assessed by Pearson's chi-squared or Fisher's exact test was compared. The differences in the quantitative variables using the Student's-t test and the Mann–Whitney U test were evaluated. The results obtained showed a total of 48.4% of the cases grouped in 77 clusters. Younger age groups, having a known TB case contact (10.2% vs 4.7%) and XDR-TB (16.5% vs 1.8%) were significantly associated with clustering. The largest cluster corresponded to a Mycobacterium bovis strain mainly spread during the nineties. A total of 68.4% of the clusters detected were distributed among the different Spanish regions and six clusters involving 104 cases were grouped in 17 and 18 years. Comparison of the genotypes obtained with those European genotypes included in The European Surveillance System (TESSy) showed that 87 cases had become part of 20 European clusters. The continuity of MDR strain genotyping in time has offered a widespread picture of the situation that allows better management of this public health problem. It also shows the advantage of maintaining one genotyping method over time, which allowed the comparison between ancient, present and future samples.