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Abstract
General-purpose AI models have emerged as a disruptive technology with paramount spillover economic effects across industries. The owners of such models, namely big tech enterprises, can leverage their dominance in general-purpose AI models to expand into existing or new downstream markets. However, competition law is poised to constrain this expansion effectively. Nevertheless, there is uncertainty about the legal standard when assessing a refusal to deal in the case of access to general-purpose AI models. While EU competition law judicial practice reveals an adversary tendency against big tech enterprises leveraging in downstream markets, there is a case for adopting a narrower standard regarding access to general-purpose AI models.

Recensión del libro de Esther Rando Burgos, Urbanismo territorial sostenible, Instituto Andaluz de Administración Pública, 2021, 297 pp.

The loss of confidence in the public authorities calls for greater control and quality of administrative action. The right to good administration responds to this legitimate demand. This right, which is fundamental in the European Union legal system, should be understood as the public administration's obligation to act with a certain level of diligence. Diligence consists of the need to resolve the case in due time, fairly and impartially weighing the circumstances of the case, and providing the public service with the required quality. Otherwise, the administration will see its act invalidated or be held liable. Likewise, its ethical basis justifies generalizing public action in administrative matters

El objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar el proceso de democratización subnacional en México, con el fin de distinguir la heterogeneidad política que hay en un territorio, tomando como base el concepto de democracia mínima. Para ello, en primer lugar, se establece qué se entiende por democratización subnacional y su distinción de la acepción nacional. Después se realiza un breve repaso de los principales cambios que reflejan la existencia de este proceso en el nivel subnacional. El paso anterior justifica que, para este trabajo, la democratización subnacional sea identificada desde el concepto de democracia mínima. Después, se reflexiona sobre la importancia de esta medición. El texto finaliza con la exposición del proceso de democratización en las entidades federativas mexicanas entre los años 1988 y 2020.

En el ordenamiento jurídico español, el reconocimiento constitucional del derecho de propiedad como un derecho cuyo contenido esencial resulta indisponible para el legislador implica que los poderes públicos no pueden privarles de ella sin que exista una causa de utilidad pública o interés social y una justa compensación. Toda privación o expropiación que tenga lugar sin la concurrencia de estos elementos se reputa una lesión del derecho de propiedad. Por este motivo, cuando nos enfrentamos a algo que, prima facie, pueda considerarse una lesión del derecho de propiedad, surge la cuestión de si falta el presupuesto causal o habilitante de la expropiación , bien la justa indemnización, bien ambos elementos ; Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Analiza las implicaciones del trabajo del Fondo de Inversión Social para el Desarrollo Local (FISDL) y los impactos que puede generar que la institución gubernamental salvadoreña transforme, como en una de sus prioridades, el desarrollo local como estrategia para el desarrollo.

"Todos los poemas participan y viven de ese temblor sagrado, que es recuerdo y recreación permanente de una vida que se tiene y ya no se tiene, que se vivió y ya no es de uno, que es la única verdad que queda y ya no se reconoce: Hay una persona que vive en mi espejo / que se ha hecho con los momentos de mirarme, / y parece contener, por su edad, el costado perverso de mis sueños. / Hace años era diferente. Y el tiempo lo ha hecho otro", escribe José Luis Reina Palazón Sevilla, sobre la obra: "Crimen perfecto", del poeta nicaragüense Francisco de Asís Hernández. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/cultura.v18i58.1045 Cultura de Paz • Año XVIII • N° 58 • Septiembre - Diciembre 2012 P / 43-49

Islands have always occupied a significant place in literature and have been a source of inspiration for the literary imagination. Fictional islands have existed as either lost paradises, or places where law breaks down under physical hardships and a sense of entrapment and oppression. Islands can be sites of exotic fascination, of cultural exchange and of great social and political upheaval. However, they are more than mere locations since to be in a place implies being bound to that place and appropriating it. That means that the islands narrow boundaries, surrounded by the sea and cut off from mainland, can create bridges between the real and the imaginary as a response to cultural and social anxieties, frequently taking the form of eutopias/dystopias, Edens, Arcadias, Baratarias, metatexts, or cultural crossroads, deeply transforming that particular geographical location. This article is concerned with insularity as a way of interrogating cultural and political practices in the early modern period by looking at the works of Cervantes, Fletcher and Shakespeare where insular relations are characterized by tensions of different sort. The arrival of Prospero and Miranda, Periandro and Auristela (The Trials of Persiles and Segismunda), and Albert and Aminta (The Sea Voyage) to their respective islands take us to a different world, revealing different political and cultural interests and generating multiple perspectives on the shifting relationship between culture, society and power.

Comunicación presentada en ESSE 10, European Society for the Study of English 10th International Conference, Torino, Italy, 24-28 August 2010. ; The new century has turned out to be a productive time for theatre productions. There has been an unprecedented increase of Shakespearean performances in Spain in contrast with the number of plays by the Golden Age dramatists seen on the Spanish stage. The paper reviews those productions that have taken up an engagement with current affairs as well as those that show new tendencies in theatrical production from which to challenge and understand the present social, cultural and political situation in Spain.

In Renaissance England literature, and especially drama, is fully aware of the historical and political context. What we get in The Spanish Tragedy is not a precise reference to the tactual event but its dramatic interpretation. The literary use of history is a consequence of the personal and contextual experience of the dramatist drawn by the writer from the ideas and practices of the culture he inhabits as well as of his historical awareness and political situation. Thus the metahistorical approach becomes an essential clue to understand the Spanish element which, in this case, has not only a negative sense but a paradigmatic intention.

In Renaissance England literature, and especially drama, is fully aware of the historical and political context. What we get in The Spanish Tragedy is not a precise reference to the tactual event but its dramatic interpretation. The literary use of history is a consequence of the personal and contextual experience of the dramatist drawn by the writer from the ideas and practices of the culture he inhabits as well as of his historical awareness and political situation. Thus the metahistorical approach becomes an essential clue to understand the Spanish element which, in this case, has not only a negative sense but a paradigmatic intention.

Contiene : Contribución analítica al estudio químico del clorhidrato de alipina / por José Sevilla .-- Págs. 1318-1329 .-- Sección farmacia y química, 3ª sesión.