Suchergebnisse

Vor, während und unmittelbar nach der Islamischen Revolution war Irans politische Kultur linksorientiert. Sie zielte auf kollektive Aktion zur Umsetzung einer zentral geplanten Wirtschafts- und Sozialpolitik. Der Autor analysiert den allmählichen Wandel der herrschenden politischen Vorstellungen hin zu individuellen Idealen, zu Rechtsstaatlichkeit, politischer Partizipation und Pluralismus, zu erstarktem Nationalgefühl und "privatisierter", "säkularisierter" Religion. Diesen Trend verkörpere der vorsichtige Reformer Khatami, der 1997 mit überwältigender Mehrheit zum Staatspräsidenten gewählt wurde. (DÜI-Cls)

A major characteristic of traditional politics is that their policy-implementing and policy-formulating roles are less differentiated than those in more politically developed societies. Consequently, the bureaucracy in a traditional setting plays a crucial role in system-maintenance, not only through its recruitment function and socialization of the new recruits, but by reinforcing the system's goals and mores. Without the development of an effective bureaucracy as an agent of political integration, the traditional system either remains traditional or breaks apart. The possibility that the bureaucracy would be able to perform its herculean task is further reduced by the fact that as a subsystem within the larger traditional political system it mostly symbolizes the general systemic patterns. For example, if the ascriptive norms are prevalent in the society, one may expect to see inheritance of offices and nepotism on the institutional level. Political development, therefore, is a painfully slow process which more often than not may never come about.

Political systems which are able to develop share two general characteristics: first, they show an ability to assimilate political demands, and second, they sustain a dynamic integrity. The study of bureaucracy derives its importance from the essential role it plays in this dual process through its functions of recruitment of new elements on one hand, and socializing the new recruits and providing for the functioning of the system on the other.The sale of offices as a part of this system—maintenance mechanism will be studied here through its functions of recruitment and socialization. I will attempt to study the problem as a subsystem within the larger context of a patrimonial state, and as a natural extension of the concept of an office as a piece of property. Then, I will discuss the reasons for the increase of the sale of offices during the second half of the nineteenth century in Iran, the nature of the sale itself, and finally the effect of it on the Iranian political system.

In 1946 a short autobiographical account of Ḥaydar Khān ᶜAmū Ughlū, the Caucasian revolutionary who participated in the Iranian Constitutional movement, 1905-1909, appeared in the Persian monthly journal, Yādigār. The article, which was accompanied by an introduction as well as by some concluding remarks, was unsigned. The editorial policies of the journal, however, indicate that unsigned articles were written by ᶜAbbās Iqbāl, the editor. Iqbāl does not attempt to establish the authenticity of this account, nor do other historians who have used it in their research. While in the absence of the document its authenticity cannot be established, it is possible to make some comments concerning the probability that this may be authentic and that the events mentioned in the autobiography took place, the role Ḥaydar Khān played in these events, and the significance of these events for the Iranian political structure.