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Key Findings and Policy Suggestions While much of the discussion on economic transformation centres on transforming agriculture and moving into manufacturing, services are an underexplored component of economic transformation strategies. Services play a vital role in economic transformation and job creation in poor countries, but the effects are different from those in agriculture or manufacturing. Services affect developing countries, directly in the form of significant shares in gross domestic product, trade and foreign exchange, but also indirectly through productivity growth and enabling linkages with other sectors. Trade in services can support economic transformation. Notable examples of successful expansion of trade in services include the development of diversified financial services hubs in Kenya, health and business tourism in Mauritius, information and communication technology services in India, air transport in Ethiopia, and hydropower transmission services in Lesotho. Donors should focus more on enhancing their knowledge and understanding the relevance of a competitive services sector for the achievement of development goals, specifically through economic transformation and job creation. They can do this by supporting improvements in market intelligence, trade and regulatory data related to services; developing national export strategies in services; building a conducive policy environment in developing countries, including by setting up public-private dialogue and coalitions supporting services reform; and strengthening country capacity to collect data on services. The lack of quality data is a particular hindrance to policy-making in the area of services. Some data have begun to be available, including through recent support by donors, but further improvements on trade in services should focus on: -capturing all the modes of trade in services; -tracking south-south trade in services; -reconciling firm-level and national-level data; and -improving information on applied services policies. Trade policy is important. Openness leads to higher productivity in services firms, especially in least developed countries (LDCs), especially with appropriate domestic regulation. International negotiations in services can also support services trade in the poorest countries, including by giving preferential access to LDC exports (for example, facilitating market access by reducing the cost of visas and putting in place domestic support mechanisms to assist LDC providers to deal with administrative requirements). However, very few meaningful preferential trade measures have so far been offered in areas of comparative advantage of LDCs such as tourism, travel, construction and Mode 4. Aid for Trade for services is generally limited as a share of total aid. Targeting more aid to facilitate trade in services has great potential to be effective. ; Chapter Abstract: The promotion of economic transformation and economy-wide productivity and employment effects in services requires the availability of reliable and consistent data on at least the macro dimensions of services – output, employment, trade – to enable successful monitoring of any aid efforts towards this end. This essay discusses current services data availability and priorities for improvement.

In the absence of a national public procurement policy, a plethora of rules and procedures govern public purchase practices of federal and sub-federal government entities including public sector enterprises (PSEs) in India. While these norms generally follow international best practices, their implementation falls short in providing transparency, accountability, efficiency and professionalism in the award of public contracts. With mandatory e-tendering of federal, sub-federal and PSE contracts already in place, enacting the lapsed Public Procurement Bill 2012, which inter alia provides for an independent dispute resolution mechanism and integrating states within a national procurement policy would complete the set of reforms needed to usher in transparency and efficiency in public purchases and internationalise the country's government procurement regulation.