Suchergebnisse

The deep-rooted protectionism tendency towards the American women prevented women from occupying high posts in the legislative branch.However, women's prominent movements ingendered several outstanding women in elected positions starting from the first half of the XXth century.By the mid-1990s there were more women in Congress in Capitol Hill. Janet Reno was appointed as the first woman U.S. attorney general in theAmerican History, Madeline Albright, the first woman secretary, Condoleezza Rice as the first woman national security adviser for President Bush,Nancy Pelosi was the first woman, the new minority leader of the House of the 108th Congress in 2003 and others, Kamala Harris is the first highestrankingfemale, the first African American and first Asian Vice President of the United States.The question is – whether elected women can make a crucial difference in political institutions and public policy that is still dominated by masculinistinterests?Keywords: Accomplishment, election, participation

Waves of American women's movements for reaching changes in their economic, social, and political lives started two centuries ago and were full of turbulences. The role of women in the military has a long history as well. Although the great majority of the U.S. military personnel have always been male, the military has needed and continues to need women's support and participation in many capacities. Starting from the Revolutionary War, the American women actively got involved in all the wars, but historically women's saliency in all XVIII-XX wars, would be substituted by their quiescence in the post-war periods, as a result of men's stereotypical attitude towards women's role which relegated them to the household chores. Alternatively, women's participation and contribution to the wars changed their self-images, and led them to expect equal treatment after the war as well. Men's patriarchal bias towards women's role was so strong, that it took several centuries, several wars to reach progress in the military and peace.Keywords: equal, post-war, military, combat

Immigration historians have been greatly interested in the process of US immigrationas immigrants cease to be "foreigners" and yet do not become "one hundred percentAmericans". Ethnicity has become a major notion in the analysis of the process of immigrantadaptation. In the U.S. Geography plays an important tole in the integrationprocess, how the immigrants establish ethnic ties and what kind of ethnic resourcesthey exercise in different environments.Gaining differential socio-economic status, Japanese-Peruvians assume 'Asian' identityin Los Angeles and 'Hispanic/Latino' in New York. Another main factor is linguistic affinity,which is shaped through social relations. In Los Angeles Japanese-Peruvians speakJapanese, prospering through Japanese-American business companies, while in NewYork they speak Spanish.When considering the integration process of Georgian national minorities in 2005-2013,we speak of insufficient knowledge of Georgian state language among national minorities,that obstructs their socio-economic development and explains their mal-representationon all level of central or local governance, in the Parliament of Georgia. Althoughthe Ministry of Education and Science enacted a number of innovative regulations interms of enforcing the instruction of the state language in non-Georgian language regionsthrough establishing preschool centers, trainings for national minority teachers,facilitating enrollment of minorities into universities in condition of covering just oneyear Georgian Language Training freshman course , no professional, standardized approacheswere implemented, as regulations needed some supplementary mechanisms.Keywords: Adaptation, ethnic, language skills, self-categorization

American Studies is one of the first unique interdisciplinary areas of inquiry, emerging inthe 1930s, strengthening and getting more and more popular after 1960s and 1970s, wheninter-, multi-, cross-, and trans-disciplinary exertion spread everywhere. Scholars foundit enlightening and enchanting to "smudge genres", to trespass the boundaries betweendisciplines and borrow methods, sources, and subjects of other fields to open up theirminds. Subsequently, not only in diverse of states in the U.S. universities, but according ourresearch, in different parts of the globe the universities (International Black Sea University– Republic of Georgia; Akaki Tsereteli State University – Republic of Georgia; The GeorgeWashington University, Washington D.C. US; Penn State University – Pennsylvania, US;University of Michigan – US; University of New Mexico, US; University of SZEGED, Hungary;have freedom and are encouraged to add, subtract, and rearrange curriculums of AmericanStudies programs on all three levels (B.A., M.A., Ph.D.), depending on geography,history, time, the groups of professors, the mission. And the mission is one: to describe thesocial, political and economic "rules" that have caused and are causing inequality in the U.S.;to strengthen democratic institutions on the example of the history of the United States ofAmerica.Keywords: Culture, curriculum, exceptional, interdisciplinary, transnational

Debates about the political abilities of the public remain one of the major controversies in political behavior research. This controversy implies normative presumptions about what level of sophistication is required for democracies to achieve their political ideals. For citizen politics to be purposeful, the electorate must have at least a basic level of political skills. Political attention is also very important sign of the public's political skills. Reflecting and reinforcing the general development of cognitive mobilization, interest in politics and government affairs has increases in the U.S. and Georgia as well. Interest in specific election may vary from campaign to campaign, but statistics suggest a trend of increasing politicization. More people seem to be spreading reliance on social group and partisan cues as a basis of voting. The present level of issues voting is generally higher than during earlier periods.

There are huge variations in the makeup of the United Stage. The nation has grown from diverse cultural backgrounds. As immigrants dis- continued to be "foreigners" and yet did not become "One Hundred Percent Americans". From immigrants they are described to have become ethnic Americans of one kind or another. Ethnic group limits must be repeatedly renegotiated, while ethnic traditions must be repeatedly redepicted. Inventions of ethnicity is a social phenomenon, which has demonstrated unforeseen flexibility in the contemporary world. It implies a dynamic process of ethnicization among diverse sidestream ethnicities and results in changes in several directions. This is a dialectical change due to the mainly political as well as socio-economic condition in the new homeland as well as their original one. The Italian Americans have displayed great fluency, creativity and efficacy in defining their position in the American reality. This chosen way of refashioning of Italian-American ethnicity will probably continue as individuals plunge into their cultural tank and choose prospects that suit their needs at specific moments in time. There have been three waves of Georgian immigration in the U.S. The first wave immigrants were political refugees, representing anti-Bolshe- vik forces of 1920s. They came to the United States via Europe. The number of the second wave Georgian immigrants after the end of World War II didn't grow significantly, probably because of the second "Red Scare" towards Bolsheviks that the United States went through. The most substantial number of Georgian immigrants arrived in the U.S. through the third wave after the collapse of the Soviet Union, due to the hard socio-economic problems arising in Georgia in 1990s.