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This paper makes five claims: 1.Exclusionary nationalism presents challenges as well as threat to the politics of democratic citizenship. 2. In the age of migration, scholars need to reframe theories of democratic citizenship bridging diverse bodies of literature. 3. Critical scholarship must to transcend methodological nationalism and develop approaches integrating trans-national approaches to democratic citizenship. 4. Citizens' emerging resistance to exclusionary nationalism presents new potentials but also problems for the evolution of inclusive democratic citizenship. 5. The concluding reflections point towards the need for democratic citizenship theory and research to rediscover the politics and practice of inclusive solidarity. ; The paper aims to analyze the new forms of ethno-nationalisms challenging citizenship, (gender) equality and solidarity across Europe. It explores the intersectional dilemmas of migration politics following the immigration and 'refugee crisis' reflecting critically upon the links between exclusionary nationalism and acts of solidarity. The theoretical and methodological approach integrates key concepts from citizenship, nationalism and gender theories with special emphasis on the interface of migration, gender and race/ethnicity. The family often plays a key role in nationalist politics of belonging and scholars tend to agree that nationalist discourses reflect a gender bias that construct men and women differently in their public and private lives. Yet no agreement exists about how to gender nationalism or about strategies to counter nationalist projects through acts of solidarity and resistance. The empirical part gives an overview of recent studies of gender and neo-nationalism and identify a variety of opposition to migration, (gender) equality and human rights across Europe influenced by the countries' histories, cultural and political developments. The main part examines citizens' activism against racism and discrimination from the Nordic region. The focus is on exploring the influence of exclusive nationalism on politics and acts of solidarity against the anti-immigrant and anti-Muslim consensus from the particular Danish context. The paper employs an intersectional approach to analyze the acts of citizenship and solidarity focusing on the agency, goals, strategies and motivations of activist groups. It asks who the activists are, how they enact citizenship and solidarity and to what extent they practice inclusive solidarity that link anti-racist strategies with claims about women's, sexual rights and gender equality. The aim is to add knowledge about strategies to overcome the challenges that ethno-nationalism presents for citizenship, (gender) equality and social justice from the particular Nordic context. The perspective is to analyze the conditions for fostering inclusive solidarity against exclusionary nationalism focusing on the intersectional relations between immigration, gender and race/ethnicity.

Résumé Cet article examine l'articulation entre genre et diversités selon l'origine ethnique / de race et la religion, au regard de la citoyenneté. Il passe en revue les débats et réglementations nationales sur le port du voile islamique en Europe, à partir des résultats du projet veil portant sur huit pays européens. En dépit de stratégies variables quant au port du voile dans le secteur public, il apparaît que les médias traitent la question de ces diverses intersections dans des termes qui effacent la figure des migrant·e·s, présentée comme 'autre', l'égalité de genre faisant office de stratégie contre l'islam. Mais l'article suggère qu'il existe des limites au populisme et que le recours aux valeurs libérales peut aussi contribuer à la défense de la diversité, dans une optique démocratique.

Artiklens formål er at bidrage til debatter om de teoretiske approaches og modeller til generelle studier af køn og diversitet i offentligheden og specielt den europæiske offentlighed 'The European Public Sphere' (EPS). Artiklen reflekterer desuden over de metodiske tilgange og forskningsstrategier der er udviklet for at studere EPS med eksempler fra erfaringer med deltagelse i to EUfinansierede projekter, the VEIL- projektet (se nærmere på projekternes hjemmesider: http://www.veil-project.eu/ ) og EUROSPHERE-projektet (see: http://eurosphere.uib.no/ ). ; The increasing institutionalization of rights in EU has inspired a debate about the gap between the EU polity and citizens' abilities to influence multilevel governance and politics. The objective of the paper is to discuss diversity in the European public spheres from a gender perspective. It first gives an overview of different feminist approaches to diversity and intersectionality. It explores the arguments for and against creating a democratic European Public Sphere and discusses the tensions between universal principles of equality at the one hand and concerns for inequalities and diversity of particular groups within and between particular national contexts at the other hand. It focuses at the tensions between the universal principles of equality and the principles of recognition ethnic diversity. Finally it looks at proposals to redesign the concept of citizenship beyond the nation state and to link feminist proposals for gender justice with frames for a multilayered trans-national citizenship. The paper aims to contribute to debates about theoretical approaches and models to study gender and diversity in the public sphere in general and in particular The European Public Sphere (EPS). It also reflects on methodological frames and research strategies adopted to study the EPS with examples from my participation in two EU-projects, the VEIL- project (see: http://www.veil-project.eu/ ) and the EUROSPHERE-project (see: http://eurosphere.uib.no/ ).

Emphasizes the central elements of an interdisciplinary, contextual, & gender-attentive political science, & considers contemporary movements & debates in feminist political scholarship, drawing on a decade of experience with comparative European research endeavors from a Nordic feminist perspective. One of the great accomplishments of comparative European work on gender & citizenship has been the questioning of entrenched views & understandings & the investigation of the political significance of gender, equality, work, & care in various European welfare systems. Particular attention is directed to the linkages between class, ethnicity, & other categories of difference, as well as to the impact of social constructionism on comparative political research & feminist approaches. References. K. Coddon

The language of citizenship has not till recently been used explicitly in the political discourse or in the academic debate about the welfare state and democracy in Denmark. This article explores the connection between citizenship and the sub-vocabularies of social equality, universality and participation in the political discourse. It is suggested that during the 1990s new vocabularies of citizenship have been introduced, as well as a new framework of citizenship, in the academic debate. The changes are discussed on the basis of three different cases: (a) parent-citizens as users of service provision; (b) the temporary leave schemes for citizen workers; and (c) activation of workers. The new language is contradictory and con tested. And it is an open question whether in the future we shall see a break with the former discourse of social equality and universality and an expansion of a more work-oriented welfare state, or a move toward a more solidaristic discourse that expands the principles behind the leave schemes. The article concludes by speculating about the future chal lenges for citizenship and the need to develop a new vision of equality and solidarity.