Suchergebnisse

LEADING CASES FROM A NUMBER OF COUNTRIES (ITALY, NORWAY, SWITZERLAND, AND WEIMAR) DEMONSTRATE THE VARIOUS WAYS IN WHICH A REFERENDUM MAY BECOME CRITICAL FOR A POLITICAL SYSTEM. THESE CONDITIONS APPEAR TO BE MAINLY OPERATIVE WHEN A PARTY SYSTEM IS ITSELF UNDER STRAIN.

Comentario sobre Confounding Gender de Hawkesworth. Steven G. Smith

IF LATIN AMERICA DOES NOT LOOM LARGE IN THE FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, INTER-AMERICAN RELATIONS SHOULD BE OF CONSIDERABLE INTEREST NOT ONLY TO SCHOLARS CONCERNED WITH LATIN AMERICA, BUT ALSO TO STUDENTS OF UNITED STATES FOREIGN POLICY. FOR LATIN AMERICA MAY BE CONSIDERED AS BOTH A TEST-CASE AND A LABORATORY OF THE LATTER.

A brief review of the major works published since 1974 on the formulation & implementation of policy dealing with air & water pollution, land use (from an environmental perspective), & the protection of natural resources is presented. Emphasis is placed on those works that have attempted to apply the cumulative knowledge of the profession & have made potentially significant contributions to the general understanding of the policy-making process. The material is organized in terms of stages in the policy process & classified in terms of agenda-setting, policy formulation & legitimation, & policy implementation & evaluation. Agenda setting examines the manner in which political culture, public opinion, interest groups, governmental elite, & other variables affect issues & their presentation on societal & political agendas. Policy formulation & legitimation focuses on attitudes of legislators & chief executives, transfer of authority for regulating land use from local governments to regional &/or state institutions, & the effects of public opinion on environmental legislation. Three methods of enforcing pollution control standards are examined in policy implementation & evaluation: (1) the traditional regulatory approach embodying emission regulations, (2) effluent charges, & (3) the development of markets in pollution rights. Modified HA.

THE AUTHOR BEGINS BY DISCUSSING THE FEDERAL PROCESS THAT HAS LED TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF RUSSIA'S PRESENT MULTICULTURAL FEDERATION. THEN HE EXAMINES ATTEMPTS SINCE 1996 TO DEVELOP A MORE COHERENT FEDERAL NATIONALITIES POLICY. NEXT, FOCUSING ON THE ETHNO-REPUBLICS, HE EXPLORES WHETHER A DEMOCRATIZED FEDERATION CAN OFFER AN EFFECTIVE COUNTERWEIGHT TO BOTH MINORITY AND MAJORITY NATIONALISMS. FINALLY, HE COMPARES AND CONTRASTS RUSSIA'S FEDERAL EXPERIMENT WITH SUSTAINABLE FEDERALISM.

ONE OF THE CENTRAL QUESTIONS FACING RUSSIA IS WHETHER IT CAN ACCOMMODATE A FEDERAL SOLUTION TO A MULTICULTURALISM THAT CALLS FOR POLITICAL RECOGNITION OR WHETHER IT IS ADOPTING SELF-DEFEATING STRUCTURES SUSCEPTIBLE TO THE VERY SECESSIONIST FORCES FEDERATION TRIES TO CONTROL. THIS NECESSARILY INVOLVES EXPLORING WHAT MIGHT BEST BE DESCRIBED AS A TENSION WITHIN FEDERAL POLITICS CONCERNING INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP RIGHTS -- THE PROBLEM OF RECONCILING LIBERALISM AND NATIONALISM, WHICH MIGHT PROVIDE THE BASIS FOR WHAT CAN BE CALLED "SUSTAINABLE FEDERALISM." THIS ENTAILS FEDERALISM NOT ONLY GROUNDED IN THE USUAL ELEMENTS HIGHLY VALUED IN DEMOCRATIC FEDERATIONS -- TOLERATION, RESPECT, COMPROMISE, AND BARGAINING -- BUT ALSO ONE THAT ALLOWS FOR MUTUAL RECOGNITION OF THE RIGHT TO BE CULTURALLY DIFFERENT AS WELL AS SAFEGUARDING EQUALITY OF CITIZENS AND SOCIAL JUSTICE.