Suchergebnisse

It is hypothesized that: state expenditures on children as measured by welfare (Aid to Families with Dependent Children payments per child & coverage rates) & education (expenditures per pupil & average teacher salaries) are related to the size of the child population; the size of the elderly population is inversely associated with expenditures on children; expenditures increase to the degree to which children reside with both parents; & the extent to which children are from minority groups is related negatively to state expenditures on children. Using 1970 & 1980 US Census data for all states except Alaska, equations were estimated separately for the 2 years with & without per capita income as a control. Ordinary least squares regression analysis reveals that both large child & elderly populations reduce public expenditures on children, possibly because they reduce per capita income; other hypotheses are supported modestly. Findings for 1970 & 1980 are compared & policy implications discussed. 2 Tables, 32 References. Adapted from the source document.

1975-80; United States; based on conference paper. Effects of in- and out-migration on rates of suicide, violent crime, property crime, and divorce for all SMSAs.

Little research has been conducted on the social consequences of metropolitan migration patterns, despite claims by local officials, city residents, & Ur scholars that rapid inmigration often diminishes the quality of life. Drawing on a Durkheimian perspective, the effects of in- & outmigration during 1975-1980 on the rates of suicide, violent crime, property crime, & divorce for US standard metropolitan statistical areas (N = 259) are examined using national health statistics, census data, & Uniform Crime Reports. The results indicate that rapid inmigration is associated with high rates of all 4 of these social problems. The magnitude of these effects rivals those of more traditional explanations such as population size & density. 5 Tables, 58 References. HA

Time-series regression analysis of postwar US data derived from official statistics for various years is used to examine the effect of declining racial income inequality on the racial differential in suicide rates. Racial income convergence is shown to reduce the racial disparity in suicide rates by raising the suicide rates of nonwhite Ms & Fs. No evidence is found for the claim that the nonwhite suicide rate is less sensitive than the white suicide rate to economic fluctuations. 3 Tables, 26 References. HA.

Research examining the relationship between neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage and adolescent offending typically examines only the influence of residential neighborhoods. This strategy may be problematic as 1) neighborhoods are rarely spatially independent of each other and 2) adolescents spend an appreciable portion of their time engaged in activities outside of their immediate neighborhood. Therefore, characteristics of neighborhoods outside of, but geographically proximate to, residential neighborhoods may affect adolescents' propensity to engage in delinquent behavior. We append a spatially lagged, distance‐weighted measure of socioeconomic disadvantage in "extralocal" neighborhoods to the individual records of respondents participating in the first two waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997 Cohort (N = 6,491). Results from negative binomial regression analyses indicate that the level of socioeconomic disadvantage in extralocal neighborhoods is inversely associated with youth offending, as theories of relative deprivation, structured opportunity, and routine activities would predict, and that the magnitude of this effect rivals that of the level of disadvantage in youths' own residential neighborhoods. Moreover, socioeconomic disadvantage in extralocal neighborhoods suppresses the criminogenic influence of socioeconomic disadvantage in youths' own neighborhoods, revealing stronger effects of local neighborhood disadvantage than would otherwise be observed.

Individual demographic characteristics and aggregate population processes are central to many theoretical perspectives and empirical models of criminal behavior. Recent research underscores the importance of criminal and deviant behavior for understanding the demography of the life course and macrolevel population processes. We review research that explores the multiple linkages and reciprocal relations between criminal and demographic behavior at both microsocial and macrosocial levels. In reviewing research on how demography affects crime, we describe current debates over the impact of age, sex, and race on criminal behavior, and we distinguish between compositional and contextual effects of demographic structure on aggregate crime rates. Our review of how crime affects demography focuses on the intersection of criminal and demographic events in the life course, and the influence of criminal victimization and aggregate crime rates on residential mobility, migration, and population redistribution. Directions for future research on the many linkages between criminal and demographic behavior are discussed.