Suchergebnisse

The paper analyzes the effect of India's membership in theWorld Trade Organization (WTO) and its signing of the TRIPs agreement on the pharmaceutical industry in general and the Indian sector in particular. First, it examines the effect of the implementation of the provisions of TRIPs on the growth of the national and multinational sectors of the industry. Second, it analyzes whether the new WTO rules will necessarily benefit pharmaceutical companies from theWest, especially the United States and Switzerland, and whether there is evidence to support the assertion made by industry insiders that by 2015 multinational corporations will reestablish their monopoly of the industry by controlling at least 60% of the Indian market. Third, it investigates whether the multinational monopoly of the drug industry has had-or will have-a negative consequence for Indian consumers. Finally, the article examines the ways in which Indian companies are responding to the challenges of globalization and analyzes their new strategies, such as (1) outsourcing deals with multinationals to produce generic and patented drugs, (2) increasing R&D activities to enable them to make a transition from being drug "imitators" to drug "innovators," (3) undertaking contract research, including outsourced clinical trials, (4) collaborating in joint R&D and product and process development to synergize their knowledge-base and effectively exploit available human resources and infrastructure (Ranbaxy's alliance with GlaxoSmithKline), and (5) undergoing a consolidation phase through indigenous mergers and acquisitions and strategic alliances. (Asian Aff/GIGA)

Aus indischer Sicht

Genome analysis of the pico-eukaryotic marine green alga Prasinoderma coloniale CCMP 1413 unveils the existence of a novel phylum within green plants (Viridiplantae), the Prasinodermophyta, which diverged before the split of Chlorophyta and Streptophyta. Structural features of the genome and gene family comparisons revealed an intermediate position of the P. coloniale genome (25.3 Mb) between the extremely compact, small genomes of picoplanktonic Mamiellophyceae (Chlorophyta) and the larger, more complex genomes of early-diverging streptophyte algae. Reconstruction of the minimal core genome of Viridiplantae allowed identification of an ancestral toolkit of transcription factors and flagellar proteins. Adaptations of P. coloniale to its deep-water, oligotrophic environment involved expansion of light-harvesting proteins, reduction of early light-induced proteins, evolution of a distinct type of C4 photosynthesis and carbon-concentrating mechanism, synthesis of the metal-complexing metabolite picolinic acid, and vitamin B1, B7 and B12 auxotrophy. The P. coloniale genome provides first insights into the dawn of green plant evolution. ; Data availability: Whole-genome assemblies, annotation and raw data for P. coloniale in this study are deposited at the CNGB Nucleotide Sequence Archive92 (CNSA: http://db.cngb. org/cnsa, accession no. CNP0000924). ; The Shenzhen Municipal Government of China and the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write. ; http://www.nature.com/natecolevol ; am2021 ; Biochemistry ; Genetics ; Microbiology and Plant Pathology

Mounting evidence suggests that terrestrialization of plants started in streptophyte green algae, favoured by their dual existence in freshwater and subaerial/terrestrial environments. Here, we present the genomes of Mesostigma viride and Chlorokybus atmophyticus, two sister taxa in the earliest-diverging clade of streptophyte algae dwelling in freshwater and subaerial/terrestrial environments, respectively. We provide evidence that the common ancestor of M. viride and C. atmophyticus (and thus of streptophytes) had already developed traits associated with a subaerial/terrestrial environment, such as embryophyte-type photorespiration, canonical plant phytochrome, several phytohormones and transcription factors involved in responses to environmental stresses, and evolution of cellulose synthase and cellulose synthase-like genes characteristic of embryophytes. Both genomes differed markedly in genome size and structure, and in gene family composition, revealing their dynamic nature, presumably in response to adaptations to their contrasting environments. The ancestor of M. viride possibly lost several genomic traits associated with a subaerial/terrestrial environment following transition to a freshwater habitat. ; This work is part of the 10KP project led by BGI-Shenzhen and China National GeneBank. ; We thank G. Günther (http://www.mikroskopia.de/index.html), who took microscopic images of M. viride and C. atmophyticus. Financial support was provided by the Shenzhen Municipal Government of China (grant nos. JCYJ20151015162041454 and JCYJ20160531194327655) and the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write (grant no. 2017B030301011). This work is part of the 10KP project led by BGI-Shenzhen and China National GeneBank. ; The Shenzhen Municipal Government of China and the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write. ; http://www.nature.com/natureplants ; am2021 ; Biochemistry ; Genetics ; Microbiology and Plant Pathology