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Après avoir traité du problème de la croissance lente de la Lombardie, l'article propose une méthode pour reconstituer le mouvement « réel > des naissances, décès et mariages. Cette méthode est utilisée pour deux bourgs de taille moyenne pendant le XVIIIe siècle : Monza (10 000 habitants) et Treviglio (5 000 habitants). L'auteur analyse les bilans démographiques des deux villes, en faisant des distinctions, lorsqu'il est possible, entre les paroisses urbaines et les faubourgs ruraux. Les unes ont une nuptialité plus haute que les autres. Mais les différences ne sont pas aussi marquées que les sources semblent le suggérer. Ici la méthode pour la collecte des données se révèle très importante. Nuptialité et natalité sont très hautes à la campagne. Les zones urbaines des deux localités ont une population plus vieille et une tendance plus marquée au célibat. Cela explique pourquoi la mortalité est plus haute tandis que la nuptialité et la natalité sont freinées. A l'aide de ces informations il est possible d'établir que la forte croissance des « bourgs moyens » est un trait particulier de la Lombardie au XVIIIe siècle. Dans cette même période l'expansion des villes de taille moyenne dans une autre zone lombarde, celle du Lodigiano, est une preuve ultérieure de cette affirmation. Les données relatives à cette zone sont aussi analysées dans l'essai.

Component: 1.3.1 Conceptual methodology Sub-component: 1.3.1.5 Most appropriate geographical scale for MSP at national scale The scale issue is particularly of concern for the MSP directive implementation process and its transboundary issues: What is the most appropriate scale for their MSP plans? Do they have to define different plans based on different geographical scales? If so, what would be their articulation? If not, for instance, is it enough to carry out the plan at national or marine basin scale with some focus areas? Moreover, what would be the plan boundaries once the scale is defined? If this step is not well conducted in a MSP process, it could lead to the failure of the plan, as a consequence of a mismatch between ecological scale and social/management scale (Cumming et al., 2006) and respective boundaries. For instance, the management boundaries often match administrative boundaries (for political purposes), which do not generally correspond to the boundaries of a single ecosystem. Indeed, an administrative region often encompasses multiple ecosystems, of different sizes and sometimes only some parts of an ecosystem. Besides, analysing phenomena whether environmental or socio-economic only within the administrative boundaries could lead to misunderstanding of these phenomena in as much as the latter could be broader. The literature review conducted during the SIMWESTMED project highlighted some general principles to bear in mind to ensure that the most appropriate geographical scale is used to maximise the efficiency of a plan. ; This report/document was produced as part of the SIMWESTMED Project (Grant Agreement N0. EASME/EMFF/2015/1.2.1.3/02/SI2.742101). PROJECT: Supporting Implementation of Maritime Spatial Planning in the Western Mediterranean region (SIMWESTMED) Competition for maritime space – for renewable energy equipment, aquaculture and other uses – has highlighted the need to manage our waters more coherently. Maritime spatial planning (MSP) works across borders and sectors to ensure ...

Ces dernières décennies ont été marquées par une prise de conscience de plus en plus forte des pressions que l'être humain exerce sur l'eau et les milieux aquatiques et du nécessaire équilibre à maintenir entre ses besoins et la capacité de ces systèmes à y répondre. Si la préservation des milieux aquatiques et de l'eau ainsi que les risques qui lui sont liés, font l'objet de politiques publiques, leurs articulations avec les dynamiques et enjeux socio-économiques des territoires peuvent se révéler complexes et donc difficiles à appréhender.C'est pour apporter un éclairage sur les champs des futurs possibles de l'évolution de l'eau et des milieux aquatiques dans différents contextes territoriaux que la Mission Prospective, avec un groupe d'une trentaine d'experts, a réalisé la démarche prospective "Eau, milieux aquatiques et territoires durables 2030". Lancée en juin 2010, cette démarche s'est centrée sur l'élaboration de cinq scénarios exploratoires d'évolution des relations entre eau, milieux aquatiques et territoires au niveau national, à l'horizon 2030. Ces scénarios ont par la suite fait l'objet d'une déclinaison à un niveau régional, sur le Languedoc-Roussillon, et d'une analyse de leurs impacts sur sept systèmes-types à enjeux relatifs à l'eau et aux milieux aquatiques. En favorisant la prise de conscience des défis futurs et des opportunités à saisir, ces réflexions ont permis de proposer des objectifs généraux et des pistes d'action pour l'État et les collectivités, à privilégier dès à présent, pour assurer un bon état de l'eau et des milieux aquatiques dans des territoires durables. L'apport de cette prospective est moins de fournir des éléments quantitatifs sur les ressources et les demandes futures que de clarifier les différents enjeux, d'analyser les impacts territoriaux et de suggérer quelques marges de manoeuvre pour nos politiques publiques de l'eau et des milieux aquatiques dès à présent.

Component: 1.3.1 Develop and propose a conceptual methodology for transboundary MSP in the Northern Atlantic, with operational details on selected aspects Sub-component: 1.3.1.5 Most appropriate geographical scale for MSP at national scale A specific task on the definition of the most appropriate scale for MSP plan at national scale in order to support Member States to approach at best the scale and boundaries of these plans was conducted. The scale issue is particularly of concern for the MSP directive implementation process and its transboundary issues: what is the most appropriate scale for their MSP plans? Do they have to define different plans based on different geographical scales? If so, what would be their articulation? If not, for instance, is it enough to carry out the plan at national or marine basin scale with some focus areas? Moreover, what would be the plan boundaries once the scale is defined? The report consists in the proposition of overall criteria and guiding principles, based on a literature review and the construction of an analysis framework. The latter, at an early stage of development, was designed to help decision makers and planners having a better insight in how they situate themselves in relation to the highlighted criteria and guiding principles. ; This report was produced as part of SIMNORAT Project (Grant Agreement N0. EASME/EMFF/2015/1.2.1.3/03/SI2.742089). Competition for maritime space – for renewable energy equipment, aquaculture and other uses – has highlighted the need to manage our waters more coherently. Maritime spatial planning (MSP) works across borders and sectors to ensure human activities at sea take place in an efficient, safe and sustainable way. That is why the European Parliament and the Council have adopted a legislation to create a common framework for maritime spatial planning in Europe. The Directive 2014/89/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 2014 (said Maritime Spatial Planning Directive) establishes a framework in order to reduce ...

Component: 1.3.1 Develop and propose a conceptual methodology for transboundary MSP in the Northern Atlantic, with operational details on selected aspects Sub-component: 1.3.1.2 The definition and application of MSP by the OSPAR Convention taking into consideration the relationship between EU and non EU countries The political commitment for MSP by OSPAR and the cooperation in the North Sea were addressed in the Bergen Declaration, assigned in 2002, in the Fifth International Conference on the Protection of the North Sea. OSPAR Convention does not have a direct role on MSP implementation neither a legal framework. Despite this fact, OSPAR has an important contribution setting baseline information and guidelines in key aspects to the success of the development of a joint regional marine spatial planning perspective, especially on the development of OSPAR region, tailor-made principles for maritime spatial planning. An Intersessional Correspondence Groups (ICG) Working Group on MSP was established to design a set of guidelines to implement MSP in the North Atlantic Region in which all Contracting Parties agreed to pursue strategies that would promote cooperation in spatial planning between competent authorities. Questions of concern about transboundary cooperation on MSP, transnational consultation and the requirement of a region-specific, tailor-made approach to apply MSP supporting the Ecosystem Approach and the share of experiences and best practices regarding marine spatial planning are also central questions set in the OSPAR´s North-East Atlantic environment Strategy. OSPAR develops mechanisms for early transnational consultation on spatial plans highlighting the interactions that could promote integration, early stakeholder involvement and the introduction of MSP by all Contracting Parties. OSPAR is also actively involved in, and supportive of, initiatives and projects in MSP undertaken by the European Commission under the Integrated Maritime Policy. OSPAR Commission serves as an efficient platform to ...