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Organizations that are adaptive, diverse, and socially responsible are often built by employees who are able to implement change "under the radar" of those in the organization who would ordinarily fight significant change. These "tempered radicals" are insider activists who serve as the catalyst for incremental constructive changes which, over time, build better organizations. Unfortunately, little is known about what motivates tempered radicals to enact changes within their organizations. In order to better understand the motives of these internal change agents, I develop a measure of tempered radical motives (TRM). In Study 1, I develop a measure of TRM by defining the construct, generating items, assessing content validity and conducting an initial exploratory factor analysis. In Study 2, I validate the newly developed measure and provide evidence for its convergent and discriminant validity. Confirmatory factor analyses support a multidimensional measure of TRM with three dimensions: (1) identity threats, (2) collective actions, and (3) organizational concerns. In Study 3, I examine the theorized nomological network of the construct. In Study 4, based on social identity theory and Person-Organization fit theory, I examine the mediating and moderating models for the relations among ambivalent identification, proactive personality, political skill, TRM, and three constructive deviance behaviors. Using a two-wave survey study design, I find support for some of the proposed hypotheses. However, given that some of the results do not support long held beliefs about the motivational foundations of tempered radicals (e.g., ambivalent identification is unrelated to TRM) and the recommendation of scholars to assess alternative models (e.g., Friedrich, Byrne, & Mumford, 2009), I also propose and test an alternative model based upon another theory of change--proactive behavior theory. The findings carry implications for not only for further research on tempered radicalism and proactivity, but also for the conceptualization and measurement of organizational identification as well as the broader domain of the origins of change within organizations.

This paper contributes to the burgeoning field of research investigating the educational effects of COVID. A questionnaire with both open and closed questions was administered to female takers of an Academic English Reading course at a Saudi university, eliciting responses about aspects of the quality of delivery of that course before and after the onset of COVID. From this quantitative and qualitative student evaluation of traditional class teaching (TCT) versus emergency remote teaching (ERT), some findings emerged that echoed those in the few comparable studies in the West. For example, certain features like the greater autonomy of the student in ERT than TCT were liked by some students but not others, while features such as the superiority of teacher-student communication in TCT were more uniformly approved. Furthermore, predictions from the literature such as that favouring TCT would be associated with greater self-efficacy, or a greater perceived degree of transactional interaction between student and teacher were not supported in the context of this study. Analysis of suggestions for ERT improvement leads to the conclusion that, at present, it may be that students need training to exploit the existing ERT, rather than that the ERT to be altered.

Received: 28 September 2022 / Accepted: 30 December 2022 / Published: 5 January 2023

The study aimed to identify the extent of biology teachers' awareness regarding the importance of virtual laboratories in teaching biology for secondary school. It also intended to develop a proposal to enable biology teachers to use virtual laboratories in teaching secondary level. To achieve these aims, the descriptive-analytical approach was used. The research sample consisted of fifty female biology teachers at the secondary level in the city of Al-Kharj. The study applied the questionnaire as its main tool to gather data. The study concluded that the degree of awareness among female biology teachers regarding the importance of virtual laboratories in teaching biology for the secondary level was found at a moderate level. Besides, the ability of female biology teachers to use virtual laboratories in teaching biology for the secondary stage was low. Considering these results, a proposal was developed to enable female biology teachers to use virtual laboratories in teaching biology for secondary school.

In discrete linguistic terminology, the power of discourse hinges on hedging together a host of key elements including conversational maxims, speech acts, situational context, reference, pragmatics, and language functions. The main instruments which lend power to these elements feature an elaborate array of lexis, grammar, phonology, and graphology. Another source of power in discourse resides in the personal characteristics of the participants/interlocutors in persuading and reaching out to their audience. In the last decade, however, the pure linguistic influence on discourse has been minimized and challenged by the growing power of social media in shaping and influencing all discourse types.This study investigates the role of social media and its networking websites such as Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, etc. in influencing discourse. The study builds on the hypothesis that the different modes of social media communication have been effective in determining an individual person's or a party's power of discourse. Social media can create an alternative source of power which supports the creation of ideologies, cultural attitudes, and political views.The data for the present study have been compiled from materials and information shared on You Tube, Facebook and other social networking applications. The data have also been drawn from tweets on political, social, cultural, human rights issues, presidential campaigns, recent waves of immigration, etc. The data were analyzed to show how the sharing of social media memes has done the work more efficiently than the most linguistically eloquent discourse.

A retrospective analysis of the in-patients' case notes of 55 chronic epileptics admit ted for psychiatric treatment to Kuwait Psychological Medicine Hospital revealed that the commonest seizure type was generalized grand mal epilepsy. Adverse effects on marriage, education and occupation were common. It is concluded that epilep tics are more prone to have social difficulties, and that their marital status and fer tility are far from satisfactory. The findings of the present study are similar to those reported in the literature.

Review Article