Suchergebnisse

Die Verfasser spüren dem Zusammenhang zwischen Dezentralisierung und Regierungs"leistung" nach und entwickeln ein Dezentralisierungsmodell, um Ländervergleiche zu ermöglichen. Hauptkriterien sind: Umfang, Ausmaß sowie Engagement der Zentralregierung und der führenden Politiker. Der Bezug zwischen, bisher in der Literatur häufig nicht näher bestimmter, Dezentralisierung und Qualität der Regierung wird hingegen als zu wenig erkenntnisfördernd abgelehnt. Angewendet auf Tunesien wird gezeigt, daß Dezentralisierung eine große Bedeutung für Regierungsqualität hat. Der Dezentralisierung wird in diesem Land ein großer Stellenwert zugemessen. (APAF-Glz)

Abstract Background New dental schools have been established to train dentists in many parts of the world. This study examines the future dental workforce from the first dental school in the United Arab Emirates [UAE]; the aim of this study was to explore the short and long-term career aspirations of the final year dental students in the UAE in relation to their demography. Method Final year dental students of the Ajman University's College of Dentistry (n=87) were invited to participate in a self-completion questionnaire survey. Descriptive analysis, chi-square tests, and binary logistic regression analysis were carried out on career aspirations using SPSS v20. Results Eighty-two percent of students (n=71) responded, the majority of whom were female (65%; n=46). Ethnicity was reported as: 'other Arab' (61%; n=43), 'Emirati' (17%, n=12), and 'Other' (21%, n=15). In the short-term, 41% (n=29) expressed a desire to work in government training centres, with Emirati students significantly more likely to do so ( p =0.002). 'Financial stability' (80%; n=57) and 'gaining professional experience' (76%; n=54) emerged as the most important influences on their short-term career plans. The vast majority of students wished to specialise in dentistry (92%; n=65) in the longer term; logistic regression analysis revealed that the odds of specialising in the most popular specialties of Orthodontics and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery were less for the 'Other' ethnic group when compared with 'Emirati' students (0.26; 95% CI 0.068-0.989; p=0.04). Almost three-quarters of the students overall (72%; n=51) intended to work full-time. 'High income/financial security' (97%; n=69), 'standard of living' (97%; n=69), 'work/life balance' (94%; n=67), and 'professional fulfilment' (87%; n=62) were reported by the students as the most influential items affecting their long-term professional career choices. Conclusion The findings suggest that students aspire to make a long-term contribution to the profession and there is a high level of interest in specialisation with a desire to achieve financial stability and quality of life.

Background: New dental schools have been established to train dentists in many parts of the world. This study examines the future dental workforce from the first dental school in the United Arab Emirates [UAE]; the aim of this study was to explore the short and long-term career aspirations of the final year dental students in the UAE in relation to their demography. Method: Final year dental students of the Ajman University's College of Dentistry (n=87) were invited to participate in a self-completion questionnaire survey. Descriptive analysis, chi-square tests, and binary logistic regression analysis were carried out on career aspirations using SPSS v20. Results: Eighty-two percent of students (n=71) responded, the majority of whom were female (65%; n=46). Ethnicity was reported as: 'other Arab' (61%; n=43), 'Emirati' (17%, n=12), and 'Other' (21%, n=15). In the short-term, 41% (n=29) expressed a desire to work in government training centres, with Emirati students significantly more likely to do so (p=0.002). 'Financial stability' (80%; n=57) and 'gaining professional experience' (76%; n=54) emerged as the most important influences on their short-term career plans. The vast majority of students wished to specialise in dentistry (92%; n=65) in the longer term; logistic regression analysis revealed that the odds of specialising in the most popular specialties of Orthodontics and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery were less for the 'Other' ethnic group when compared with 'Emirati' students (0.26; 95% CI 0.068-0.989; p=0.04). Almost three-quarters of the students overall (72%; n=51) intended to work full-time. 'High income/financial security' (97%; n=69), 'standard of living' (97%; n=69), 'work/life balance' (94%; n=67), and 'professional fulfilment' (87%; n=62) were reported by the students as the most influential items affecting their long-term professional career choices. Conclusion: The findings suggest that students aspire to make a long-term contribution to the profession and there is a high level of interest in specialisation with a desire to achieve financial stability and quality of life.

Aims: The diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is not easy as there is no direct test that exists to establish such a diagnosis. Increasing community and healthcare professional knowledge of the ASD spectrum is crucial because it will encourage parents of ASD children to seek screening and diagnosis from a specialist, allowing for better early detection and treatment. This study explored the knowledge of the general population in Saudi Arabia regarding ASD and assessed variables associated with an accurate understanding of ASD. Methods: A total of 769 participants were involved in this cross-sectional study, which was conducted in Saudi Arabia between November 2021 and February 2022 using an online survey tool to explore the knowledge of the general population in Saudi Arabia regarding typical child development and ASD. A binary logistic regression analysis was used to determine factors affecting participants' knowledge of autism. Results: Overall, the study participants showed a weak level of knowledge about autism with a mean score of 5.9 (SD: 3.1), comprising 34.7% of the total maximum obtainable score. Participants with a middle income category of 5000–7500 SR are less likely to be knowledgeable about autism compared to others (OR: 0.60 (95% CI: 0.39–0.92)) (p-value = 0.020). Conclusion: The participants in our study showed limited knowledge about autism. Government funds should be made available to facilitate educational services for ASD children. More funding and resources should be allocated by the government to provide assistance for children with special needs, and changes in public facilities are required to meet the demands of ASD patients. Through an informed educational effort, various media platforms should assist in improving the community's understanding of ASD and their attitude toward ASD patients. Educational campaigns should focus on enhancing the public's knowledge about ASD treatment and etiology.

International audience ; Depuis la décennie 1980-1990 et au cours de la mise en oeuvre du programme d'ajustement structurel, la Tunisie a ajouté à l'objectif de modernisation de l'agriculture, d'autres objectifs de productivité et de compétitivité sur les marchés extérieurs. Ces transformations nationales ont été accompagnées d'un changement des politiques et du rôle de l'Etat qui se sont traduits par des reformes institutionnelles remarquables en matière de la gestion de l'eau d'irrigation dans les périmètres irrigués. Aussi, la raréfaction des ressources en eau, l'augmentation de la demande en eau, le maintien d'objectifs nationaux, notamment la diminution des charges de l'Etat la compétitivité modifié les objectifs de la gestion des ressources en eau, en termes de maîtrise de la demande et de l'efficacité de l'irrigation en particulier. Cette situation aura des conséquences sociales et spatiales importantes, qui pourraient être marquées par des difficultés de la petite agriculture irriguée familiale et l'émergence de conflits d'intérêts entre les différents acteurs. Notre étude propose de comprendre comment, en Tunisie, la politique hydraulique a réussi à s'adapter aux différentes transformations économiques et sociales. A partir d'un échantillon de groupements d'intérêt collectif et d'usagers, nous faisons une appréciation de la performance de la gouvernance de l'eau d'irrigation. Nous nous intéressons, d'une part, aux groupements d'intérêt collectif en tant qu'organisation disposant d'un objectif d'efficience à atteindre et d'autre part, aux déterminants de l'efficience de la gouvernance de l'eau d'irrigation par les groupements. La théorie des coûts de transaction et la théorie positive d'agence constituent le cadre d'analyse, afin d'identifier les coûts occasionnés par les conflits entre les acteurs lors de la transaction de l'eau et qui influencent leur comportement. La performance des groupements est appréciée par des variables reflétant la qualité de la gestion administrative, technique et financière. ...

International audience ; Depuis la décennie 1980-1990 et au cours de la mise en oeuvre du programme d'ajustement structurel, la Tunisie a ajouté à l'objectif de modernisation de l'agriculture, d'autres objectifs de productivité et de compétitivité sur les marchés extérieurs. Ces transformations nationales ont été accompagnées d'un changement des politiques et du rôle de l'Etat qui se sont traduits par des reformes institutionnelles remarquables en matière de la gestion de l'eau d'irrigation dans les périmètres irrigués. Aussi, la raréfaction des ressources en eau, l'augmentation de la demande en eau, le maintien d'objectifs nationaux, notamment la diminution des charges de l'Etat la compétitivité modifié les objectifs de la gestion des ressources en eau, en termes de maîtrise de la demande et de l'efficacité de l'irrigation en particulier. Cette situation aura des conséquences sociales et spatiales importantes, qui pourraient être marquées par des difficultés de la petite agriculture irriguée familiale et l'émergence de conflits d'intérêts entre les différents acteurs. Notre étude propose de comprendre comment, en Tunisie, la politique hydraulique a réussi à s'adapter aux différentes transformations économiques et sociales. A partir d'un échantillon de groupements d'intérêt collectif et d'usagers, nous faisons une appréciation de la performance de la gouvernance de l'eau d'irrigation. Nous nous intéressons, d'une part, aux groupements d'intérêt collectif en tant qu'organisation disposant d'un objectif d'efficience à atteindre et d'autre part, aux déterminants de l'efficience de la gouvernance de l'eau d'irrigation par les groupements. La théorie des coûts de transaction et la théorie positive d'agence constituent le cadre d'analyse, afin d'identifier les coûts occasionnés par les conflits entre les acteurs lors de la transaction de l'eau et qui influencent leur comportement. La performance des groupements est appréciée par des variables reflétant la qualité de la gestion administrative, technique et financière. Une analyse factorielle de correspondance a permis de visualiser les relations de cause à effet, en termes de coûts de transaction et de coûts d'agence ayant une incidence sur la performance des groupements et sur l'efficacité d'utilisation de l'eau par les usagers

This paper examines the differences in agricultural water application per crop ton output in the semi-arid, jurisdictions in the Jordan Basin, focusing on Israel and Jordan, with some analysis relevant to Palestine. It delivers a nationally averaged assessment of applied water application for 14 key regional crops, to understand differences in water application, with most cases suggesting Israeli best practice in water application per unit crop. The paper draws on secondary assessment of agricultural water intensity, and primary data from farmer interviews to demonstrate differences in applied water productivity and agricultural context. The analysis suggests a conservative estimate that a difference of 168MCM/yr (33% or agriculture and 18% national total) exists in terms of water application for a given crop production in Jordan compared to Israel. The paper then proposes further work required to establish how differences in water application might translate into differences in agricultural water productivity, and thereby potential water savings that might enable growth of production within current agricultural allocations, allowing future new resources to be allocated to other economic and social needs. The paper also delivers a preliminary analyses the political and institutional landscape for implementation, assessing the challenges of institutional silos and overlap that some policy stakeholders see as hindering cross-sectoral progress. The paper concludes by examining the limitations of the analysis, and proposes future work to deepen the robustness of results, and examines some of the challenges facing improved agricultural water productivity and changing farm behaviour in the region.

SummaryThis study was carried out in four adjacent villages in Lower Egypt with a combined population of 24,000. A team of social workers and physicians worked together to introduce the injectable contraceptive depomedroxyprogesterone acetate as a post-partum long-acting contraceptive to the community leaders and the villagers at several meetings. Postpartum women who agreed to use the drug were defined as acceptors (591) and those who did not were defined as rejectors (715). The incidence of polygamy was higher among the rejectors, and rejectors' husbands had more children from their other wives. Acceptors had more previous pregnancies and children of both sexes than rejectors. The interval between the last two pregnancies was shorter among the rejectors. A greater percentage of acceptors had previously used another contraceptive. The commonest reasons for rejection were desire for further pregnancy (69%), health problems (11%) and desire for another method of contraception (8%). Religious factors figured in only 3% of cases.