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This study discusses the notary's liability for notarial protocol damaged by disaster. This study applies empirical normative legal research method conducted by examining library materials and direct observation in the field of notary's liability against notarial protocol and forms of legal protection for notary. Notarial protocol is a collection of documents that are state archives that must be stored and maintained by a notary in accordance with the provisions of the legislation. Notary has a very important position and role in the life of the nation and state, because he/she has the authority specified in the laws and regulations. Force majeure is an event or situation that occurs outside the power of the parties concerned; in this case, the company and workers/ laborers. Force majeure uses the term "overmacht". Fixed overmacht means overmacht which results in a continuous agreement or forever and is impossible to implement or cannot be fulfilled at all. In such circumstances, the overmacht automatically ends the agreement because it cannot be fulfilled. Temporary overmacht means overmacht which results in the implementation of an agreement postponed from the time specified in the agreement. In addition, authentic deeds are deeds made by officials authorized to do so. They are rulers according to stipulated provisions with or without assistance from related parties. They note what the related parties requested to be included in the authentic deed. The authentic deed contains information about an official who explains what happened or was seen before him/her. In this case, there are no rules that regulate about how a notary must be liable for the damaged protocol and how the forms of legal protection.

This study discusses the notary's liability for notarial protocol damaged by disaster. This study applies empirical normative legal research method conducted by examining library materials and direct observation in the field of notary's liability against notarial protocol and forms of legal protection for notary. Notarial protocol is a collection of documents that are state archives that must be stored and maintained by a notary in accordance with the provisions of the legislation. Notary has a very important position and role in the life of the nation and state, because he/she has the authority specified in the laws and regulations. Force majeure is an event or situation that occurs outside the power of the parties concerned; in this case, the company and workers/ laborers. Force majeure uses the term "overmacht". Fixed overmacht means overmacht which results in a continuous agreement or forever and is impossible to implement or cannot be fulfilled at all. In such circumstances, the overmacht automatically ends the agreement because it cannot be fulfilled. Temporary overmacht means overmacht which results in the implementation of an agreement postponed from the time specified in the agreement. In addition, authentic deeds are deeds made by officials authorized to do so. They are rulers according to stipulated provisions with or without assistance from related parties. They note what the related parties requested to be included in the authentic deed. The authentic deed contains information about an official who explains what happened or was seen before him/her. In this case, there are no rules that regulate about how a notary must be liable for the damaged protocol and how the forms of legal protection.

Based on the basic foundation of cooperatives, many cooperatives have sociologically been formed or established in Indonesia. Based on the data, the number of cooperatives that have been formed in Indonesia is 21,135 cooperatives. Moreover, the number of cooperatives in West Nusa Tenggara is 4,049 cooperatives consisting of cooperatives that are still active as many as 2,385 cooperatives and those that are inactive as many as 1,664 cooperatives. Meanwhile, the number of cooperatives in Sumbawa Regency is 394 cooperatives which include cooperatives that are still active as many as 209 cooperatives and those that are inactive as many as 185 cooperatives. This study aims to analyze and determine the dissolution factors of cooperatives in Sumbawa Regency. The results of this normative-empirical study showed that the dissolution factors of cooperatives in Sumbawa Regency were due to 3 (three) reasons: they did not hold a member meeting for 2 (two) consecutive years, members of cooperatives that made loans did not make payments so cooperatives cannot operate properly, and lack coordination between the cooperative members. The procedure for dissolving cooperatives based on Law No. 25 of 1992 is decided based on the decision of member meetings or government decisions. The decision to dissolve a cooperative by the government is carried out if there is evidence that a cooperative does not fulfill the provisions of Law No. 25 of 1992 in which its activities are contrary to public order and/ or morality and its survival is no longer expected.

The early Carboniferous Harur Formation from the Ora outcrop section of northern Iraq consists of black shale, calcareous shale and carbonate. The mineralogical and geochemical investigations (major and trace elements) of the black shale and calcareous shale units have been conducted to evaluate paleoenvironmental conditions including paleoclimate, paleoredox conditions, paleoproductivity, sedimentary rate, and to evaluate their effects on organic matter accumulation. The geochemical proxies such as the Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA), A-CN-K plot, Sr/Cu ratio, and the relation between the ratio of Ga/Rb and Sr/Cu suggest moderate to intense chemical weathering under humid conditions. The Rb/K and Sr/Ba ratios indicate a freshwater environment during deposition. Multiple paleo-redox indicators such as ratios of V/(V+Ni) and Th/U) and U index indicates deposition under depleted marine oxygen conditions and consequently recording an Ocean Anoxic Event (OAE). The Th/U ratio indicates that the sedimentary rate at the lower part of the section is less than that of the upper part of the section. The terrigenous clastic input index (Ti and Al) shows that clastic input reduced from the lower to the upper section which implies that the sea level rose first lower to the upper section. Both Al and Ti have positive correlations with TOC (Total Organic Carbon) which reveal that clastic input was advantageous for OM accumulation. The high ratios of (Fe + Mn)/Ti and the presence of nacrite minerals indicate hydrothermal activity during deposition. Hence, the main control factors of OM accumulation in the black shale and calcareous shale of the Harur Formation were terrigenous clastic fluxes, in addition to paleo-redox conditions and hydrothermal activities. On contrary, paleoproductivity proxies play a relatively less significant role in OM accumulation.

The rise of palm oil as the world's most consumed vegetable oil has coincided with exponential growth in palm oil research activity. Bibliometric analysis of research outputs reveals a distinct imbalance in the type of research being undertaken, notably a disproportionate focus on biofuel and engineering topics. Recognizing the expansion of oil palm agriculture across the tropics and the increasing awareness of environmental, social, and economic impacts, we seek to reorientate the existing research agenda toward one that addresses the most fundamental and urgent questions defined by the palm oil stakeholder community. Following consultation with 659 stakeholders from 38 countries, including palm oil growers, government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and researchers, the highest priority research questions were identified within 13 themes. The resulting 279 questions, including 26 ranked as top priority, reveal a diversity of environmental and social research challenges facing the industry, ranging from the ecological and ecosystem impacts of production, to the livelihoods of plantation workers and smallholder communities. Analysis of the knowledge type produced from these questions underscores a clear need for fundamental science programmes, and studies that involve the consultation of non-academic stakeholders to develop "transformative" solutions to the oil palm sector. Stakeholders were most aligned in their choice of priority questions across the themes of policy and certification related themes, and differed the most in environmental feedback, technology and smallholder related themes. Our recommendations include improved regional academic leadership and coordination, greater engagement with private and public stakeholders in Africa, and Central and South America, and enhanced collaborative efforts with researchers in the major consuming countries of India and China.

The rise of palm oil as the world's most consumed vegetable oil has coincided with exponential growth in palm oil research activity. Bibliometric analysis of research outputs reveals a distinct imbalance in the type of research being undertaken, notably a disproportionate focus on biofuel and engineering topics. Recognizing the expansion of oil palm agriculture across the tropics and the increasing awareness of environmental, social, and economic impacts, we seek to reorientate the existing research agenda toward one that addresses the most fundamental and urgent questions defined by the palm oil stakeholder community. Following consultation with 659 stakeholders from 38 countries, including palm oil growers, government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and researchers, the highest priority research questions were identified within 13 themes. The resulting 279 questions, including 26 ranked as top priority, reveal a diversity of environmental and social research challenges facing the industry, ranging from the ecological and ecosystem impacts of production, to the livelihoods of plantation workers and smallholder communities. Analysis of the knowledge type produced from these questions underscores a clear need for fundamental science programmes, and studies that involve the consultation of non-academic stakeholders to develop "transformative" solutions to the oil palm sector. Stakeholders were most aligned in their choice of priority questions across the themes of policy and certification related themes, and differed the most in environmental feedback, technology and smallholder related themes. Our recommendations include improved regional academic leadership and coordination, greater engagement with private and public stakeholders in Africa, and Central and South America, and enhanced collaborative efforts with researchers in the major consuming countries of India and China. ; The online survey and focus groups were funded by the Geran Kursi Endowmen MPOB-UKM Malaysia, and the Royal Geographical Society UK. The residential workshop was supported from by British Council and Academy Science Malaysia via the UK Newton Ungku-Omar Fund. ZD, JB, and MS are supported by the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NE/K016407/1; http://lombok.nerc-hmtf.info/).

The rise of palm oil as the world's most consumed vegetable oil has coincided with exponential growth in palm oil research activity. Bibliometric analysis of research outputs reveals a distinct imbalance in the type of research being undertaken, notably a disproportionate focus on biofuel and engineering topics. Recognizing the expansion of oil palm agriculture across the tropics and the increasing awareness of environmental, social, and economic impacts, we seek to reorientate the existing research agenda toward one that addresses the most fundamental and urgent questions defined by the palm oil stakeholder community. Following consultation with 659 stakeholders from 38 countries, including palm oil growers, government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and researchers, the highest priority research questions were identified within 13 themes. The resulting 279 questions, including 26 ranked as top priority, reveal a diversity of environmental and social research challenges facing the industry, ranging from the ecological and ecosystem impacts of production, to the livelihoods of plantation workers and smallholder communities. Analysis of the knowledge type produced from these questions underscores a clear need for fundamental science programmes, and studies that involve the consultation of non-academic stakeholders to develop "transformative" solutions to the oil palm sector. Stakeholders were most aligned in their choice of priority questions across the themes of policy and certification related themes, and differed the most in environmental feedback, technology and smallholder related themes. Our recommendations include improved regional academic leadership and coordination, greater engagement with private and public stakeholders in Africa, and Central and South America, and enhanced collaborative efforts with researchers in the major consuming countries of India and China.

The rise of palm oil as the world's most consumed vegetable oil has coincided with exponential growth in palm oil research activity. Bibliometric analysis of research outputs reveals a distinct imbalance in the type of research being undertaken, notably a disproportionate focus on biofuel and engineering topics. Recognizing the expansion of oil palm agriculture across the tropics and the increasing awareness of environmental, social, and economic impacts, we seek to reorientate the existing research agenda toward one that addresses the most fundamental and urgent questions defined by the palm oil stakeholder community. Following consultation with 659 stakeholders from 38 countries, including palm oil growers, government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and researchers, the highes