Suchergebnisse

Introduction. Currently, interest in studying the creative heritage of prominent Russian historians has increased significantly, the formation of conceptual views of which took place under the conditions of the dominance of the Marxist-Leninist methodology. Such researchers include Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Grigory Alekseevich Gerasimenko. His scientific heritage is widely and highly appreciated by specialists. Methods and materials. The fate and scientific work of the scientist was recreated on the basis of the works published by him, reviews of them, attraction of memoirs, bibliographic reference books and some documentary materials on the basis of which his works were created. In this article, on the basis of the anthropological method, the problems of scientific research by G.A. Gerasimenko at different periods of his life and work are analyzed; the principles and methods of research practices of the scientist are considered. Analysis. The first stage of scientific and pedagogical activity of the scientist is connected with the Saratov State University named after N.G. Chernyshevsky, where he studied, then taught at the Faculty of History and created his scientific works. They present observations and conclusions about the party-political struggle in the councils of workers' and soldiers' deputies of the Volga region; on the basis of mass historical sources, the forms and methods of organizing peasant committees in 1917 were shown, the dynamics of their social composition were revealed. These definitions conditioned the historian's contribution to the study of the topical issues of the Great Russian Revolution. The article shows the expansion of the chronological and territorial framework of research by G.A. Gerasimenko during the Moscow period of his scientific activity. He turned to identifying the prerequisites for radical actions of peasants, revealed the causes of conflicts between the people and the authorities, and outlined the positions of public organizations during the revolution. Results. Analyzing the work of the historian, the authors revealed traditions and innovations in his work, noted new methodological techniques and historiographic plots in the scientist's creative laboratory.

This paper is dedicated to the relations between justices of peace and the Council of the North. On the materials of the conflict between the Yorkshire justices of peace and the Council of the North the author tries to trace features of selfrepresentation of Tudor institutions of the state.

The article considers the principles and methods of studying behavioral practices in the everyday life of people through their fates during the Great Patriotic War. The materials of oral history are analyzed, the subjectivity of which does not distort, but complements the information of legislative and clerical sources. Valuable information is contained in declassified and digitized documents of the Martyrologist of the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945. Based on the memories of war and labor veterans, data of electronic resources highlighting new facets of known events, forms and methods of overcoming dangers and threats in extreme conditions are shown, which made it possible to identify a specific mechanism for the formation of the human factor in the military defense potential of the country.

The article is devoted to the study of relations between the town community and the garrison based on the analysis of documents regulating the life of Berwick-upon-Tweed. Located almost on the very border, Berwick was of great strategic importance, so the town had a military garrison. Early Tudor royal enactments pay little attention to the relationship between the townspeople and the soldiers of the garrison. The legislators were mainly interested in this problem when it came to matters of importance to the defense of the town. In this case, it usually concerns the contacts of garrison officers with the leaders of the town community. Nevertheless, it can be concluded that there is a constant interaction between the townspeople and the soldiers and that there are conflicts between them.

This article analyses the draft reorganization of the administration of the border counties between England and Scotland, which was submitted to the monarch by Thomas Wharton. Thomas Wharton, a nobleman from Westmorland, had long held various posts in the frontier administration and was considered one of the most experienced and loyal nobles of the frontier. In his project, Wharton proposed a precise fixation of the rules of frontier administration and a concentration of strategically important land holdings and frontier strongholds in the monarch's hands. The implementation of Wharton's project would have increased the influence of royalty in the region.

The article is devoted to a comparative study of the naturmorphic images underlying the internal form of emotive phraseological units in Slavic and Turkic languages (Russian, Bulgarian, Polish, Czech, Tatar). These images are noted to correlate with the corresponding code of culture, which assumes a figurative interpretation of the realia of the world with consideration of knowledge about both living and inanimate nature. The revealed images of animals, birds, insects, plants, natural objects and phenomena, elements constitute a well-arranged system, the components of which are analyzed in terms of both frequency and universality/ethnospecificity. These images are actualized when describing a wide range of emotions (joy, sadness, love, resentment, shame, excitement, etc.), but most of them relate to negative states, primarily fear and anger. The most productive are zoomorphic images, as well as images of natural objects, phenomena and elements (such as the sky, thunder, fire, water, etc.), which often reveal universality due to external factors. The inner form of many emotive phraseological units is based on the metonymic principle, according to which emotions are described by referring to their bodily symptoms (chills, tears, facial expressions, etc.). The universality and ethnospecificity of images are proved to have linguistic and extralinguistic reasons.

The article provides a comparative analysis of two interpretations and methodological strategies for substantiating the idea of power, presented in the philosophical and political concepts of L.A. Tikhomirov and B.P. Vysheslavtsev. A problem-thematic method of analysis and presentation of the material in the research process was used. The article substantiates the thesis that both philosophers considered the concept of power in the general context of the Christian worldview and raised the question of the moral justification of power. The author shows that in L.A. Tikhomirov's conception, power, being the primary fact of social life, receives moral justification through service to God and the moral ideal of the nation; power is justified to the extent that it is the power of the idea, ideocracy. The article analyzes B.P. Vysheslavtsev's thesis about the incompatibility of the ideocratic model of state power with the Christian doctrine of freedom. The article shows that L.A. Tikhomirov considered power as the primary and constitutive principle of social life, not opposed to the idea of independence of personal existence; B.P. Vysheslavtsev, on the other hand, saw the essence of power in heteronomous coercion, incompatible with the presumption of the freedom and dignity of the individual. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the incompatibility of the two interpretations of power is explained not only by the fact that Russian philosophers defined the scope of the concept of "power" in different ways, but also by the fact that they were guided by various philosophical and anthropological presumptions. The author shows that L.A. Tikhomirov proceeded from the understanding of a person as a being striving not so much to rule over others, as to submit to the supreme power of an idea, while B.P. Vysheslavtsev saw the primary and natural intention of the human self in rebellion against a heteronomous authoritative order.

The philosophy of age is mostly an inquiry into the temporal parameters of human existence. The aim of this article is to review the senile temporality as qualitatively different in time production (chronopoesy) from the temporality of youth and maturity. To achieve this I have considered different types of senile chronopoesy, especially its most radical version (eschatologic time), which correlates with chronoaesthetics of the decrepit and Christian Messianic time. As a result, I managed to identify the main conditions of transformation of time production while aging. I considered the problem, using comparative analysis, in the perspective of the methodological horizon of hermeneutics phenomenology (analytics of Dasein). The results of the study can be reduced to several points. The reduction of 'age' and 'inner age' future that requires an answer from Dasein determines a shift in the human temporality and configures the particular senile temporality. Changes are the most significant if man accepts his life as meaningfully completed, and the will to Other (that is good on its own) replaces the will for particular achievements (i. e., self-realisation). Goal-setting and the production of over situational temporality persist in eschatologic senility, while 'heroic', 'finishing' and petty senilities have no big goals and only situational temporality, uncompensated by the verticalization of temporality (by the orientation to the Other). The period between the substantial and physical eschatons is kindred to the time or the aesthesis of the decrepit and the Messianic time of Christian historiosophy as they all are forms of the present (end time). End time is an intransitive present, free from the past and future, correlated with the Other (that is timeless). Once started, it never ends and never become past until the end of the life.

The article deals with the Aristotle's forms of presentation and chronological correlation techniques of some historical facts and processes related to Spartan history in his «Politics». Thorough analyzing of certain passages of the «Politics» does demonstrates that Aristotle was quite knowledgeable of Spartan history and this competence enabled him to work out the original and logically elaborated conception of the Spartan historical evolution beginning from the early times up to his own days.

This article is motivated tostudy the process ofconstructing Sovietsociety and reconstructing the everyday practices of representatives of religious organizations of the Samara province, who used various ways to counteract the implementation of anti-religious policy pursued by the authorities. The results of the study illustrate various practices used by representatives of various faiths against the anti-religious policy of the Soviet government in order to stop the process of destruction of the religious worldview of the population and consolidate their supporters. These practices became one of the necessary means of preserving religious integrity and allowed religious denominations to join the struggle with the party leadership for the preservation of the traditional consciousness of the emerging Soviet society.

Based on the analysis of the interaction of state authorities with youth associations in the 1990s–2000s, the authors conclude that engagement in such structures provides an opportunity to involve young people in social, economic, and political processes in the regions through project and regulatory activities. Expediency of activating such activities is justified, since it is in the process of such interaction that an active civil position of young people is formed.

The review presents an analysis of V. V. Kondrashin's textbook, which, on the basis of a large complex of archival and published documentary materials and scientific literature, recreated a panorama of the relationship of the Russian peasantry with the opposing power structures that appeared and functioned in Russia during the Great Russian Revolution – the Bolshevik government and its political opponents that arose during the Civil War, white and other regimes. It is noted that the author paid special attention to the conceptual views of Soviet, Russian and foreign historians, which made it possible to gain new knowledge about the practices of the behavior of peasants in various regions of Russia during social conflicts – uprisings and other protest actions and to trace their attitude to the agrarian policy of the Soviet government, as well as the governments and leaders of the white movement. Factors that influenced the choice of the Russian peasantry were identified – support for the Soviet government, which ensured its victory during the Civil War.

The review gave an analysis of the monograph of S. A. Kozlov, which presented the reconstruction of biographies of prominent Russian scientists, having made a significant contribution to the development and implementation of new agricultural practices and sustainable farming practices, and also in promotion of scientific knowledge and creation of a system of agricultural education in the Russian Empire in XIX and early XX of centuries. Features of author's approach, the importance of the research done by the historian are noted, debatable questions are designated. According to reviewers, S. A. Kozlov 's monograph through biographies of agricultural scientists shows the panorama of the development of agricultural knowledge in the Russian Empire and their impact on the agrarian sector of the economy of the country.