Suchergebnisse

Discutir los argumentos de la teoría económica que sustentan la intervención en los mercados agrarios, mediante politicas de precios o ayudas directas, es el primer objetivo de este papel. Las proposiciones a las que llega la teoría económica sobre la política de precios y sus críticas al diseño de la Política Agraria Común (PAC) de la Unión Europea son utilizadas para valorar el actual proceso de reforma de la PAC, en el marco de liberalización de los intercambios mundiales de materias primas propiciada por el Acuerdo de Marrakech. A continuación se pasa a contraponer las declaraciones de principio con los indicadores de grado protección. Finalmente se observan las combinaciones de las medidas vía precios y vía ayudas directas para sostener las rentas agrarias sin imcumplir el acuerdo alcanzado en el seno del GATT, Y se alerta sobre las posibles desviaciones del diseño original de PAC reformada para lograr consensos entre los doce países de la Unión Europea.

This paper analyzes the evolution of agricultural product specialisation at the farm and county levels in Spain from 1979 to 1997. This period covers all the stages of the gradual implementation of the Common Agricultural Policy and the integration of the Spanish agriculture into the European Market. A multiple product version of Theil and Finizza's indices of segregation is used to decompose farm product specialisation into county specialisation with respect to the national level and farm specialisation within counties. Using a probit specification, we test whether changes in specialisation are driven by comparative advantage at regional level or have been policy induced. Our results confirm the existence of increasing county specialisation and highlight the fact that counties which were initially more specialised in export-oriented products have shown the largest increase in specialisation. ; We acknowledge financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Project Number 680. We acknowledge financial support from DGI, Grant BEC 2000-0170 and SEC 1999-135E

In this paper, we study the evolution of agricultural product specialisation at farm and county level from 1979 to 1997 in Spain, thus covering all the stages of the gradual implementation of the Common Agricultural Policy. We use a multiproduct version of Theil and Finizza's index of segregation that allows us to decompose farm product specialisation into county specialisation with respect to the national level, i.e., the usual measure of regional specialisation, and farm specialisation within counties. Our results confirm the importance of increasing regional specialisation but also highlight that trends of farm specialisation within counties have varied across large agricultural areas. In particular, regions more specialised in export-oriented products seem to have speeded regional specialisation.

The paper attempts to recover empirical evidence related to the European Structural and Investment Funds (ESIF) to promote growth for the management of the Recovery & Resilience Facility (RRF). We analyse the impact of the EU Cohesion Policy on regional development over the period 1986-2018, using dynamic panel data models. In doing so, we use a neoclassical Solow growth model, extending the current literature in at least three ways. First, we make use of a new dataset, which contains highly detailed data on regional commitments and payments of Structural Funds; secondly, we address the endogeneity via a difference GMM estimator; finally, we control for the spatial interdependence among regions via a Spatial Durbin model. We find that the Cohesion Policy fosters regional growth both in the short and long run, regardless of the Objective considered. The role of the business cycle in the speed of regional convergence is quantified. The funds' effectiveness is hindered during the crisis, especially in the least developed regions, partly due to lower absorptive rates. Furthermore, human capital and quality of government are crucial growth determinants necessary for improving the performance of the Structural Funds. Finally, we discuss if the combination of ESIF & RRF funds will be appropriate for accelerating the post-pandemic recovery versus the financial recession recovery.

Contrastamos empíricamente la hipótesis Boserup para las regiones de la UE. Relacionamos la orientación productiva agraria dominante en cada región (arado, azada y ganadería) con indicadores de igualdad de género, como la participación femenina en cargos directivos, en estudios primarios, en estudios superiores, en el mercado laboral y el salario medio por hora. Usando un modelo Probit encontramos que, consistentemente con la hipótesis, existe una relación negativa entre los indicadores y la agricultura de arado. Adicionalmente, probamos que las regiones orientadas a la ganadería también generan valores de género menos igualitarios que las regiones orientadas a la agricultura de azada. ; We empirically contrast the Boserup hypothesis for the regions of the European Union. We relate the dominant productive orientation in each region (plough, hoe, animal) with indicators of gender equality: female participation in management positions, in primary education, in higher education, in the labor market and the average hourly wage. Using a Probit model we find that, consistently with the hypothesis, there is a negative relationship between indicators and plough agriculture. Additionally, we prove that livestock-oriented regions also generate less egalitarian gender values than hoe-oriented regions.

[EN] We empirically contrast the Boserup hypothesis for the regions of the European Union. We relate the dominant productive orientation in each region (plough, hoe, animal) with indicators of gender equality: female participation in management positions, in primary education, in higher education, in the labor market and the average hourly wage. Using a Probit model we find that, consistently with the hypothesis, there is a negative relationship between indicators and plough agriculture. Additionally, we prove that livestock-oriented regions also generate less egalitarian gender values than hoe-oriented regions. ; [ES] Contrastamos empíricamente la hipótesis Boserup para las regiones de la UE. Relaciona-mos la orientación productiva agraria dominante en cada región (arado, azada y ganadería) con indica-dores de igualdad de género, como la participación femenina en cargos directivos, en estudios primarios, en estudios superiores, en el mercado laboral y el salario medio por hora. Usando un modelo Probit encontramos que, consistentemente con la hipótesis, existe una relación negativa entre los indicadores y la agricultura de arado. Adicionalmente, probamos que las regiones orientadas a la ganadería también generan valores de género menos igualitarios que las regiones orientadas a la agricultura de azada. ; Los autores agradecen los comentarios de los compañeros de trabajo y de los revisores anónimos de la revista. A la acción estratégica en Economía Europea y Recursos Naturales por su financiación 2009/00426/002. ; Quispe Salazar, E.; San Juan Mesonada, C. (2017). Valores de igualdad de género y especialización: diferencias entre las regiones de la UE. Economía Agraria y Recursos Naturales - Agricultural and Resource Economics. 17(1):59-88. https://doi.org/10.7201/earn.2017.01.03 ; SWORD ; 59 ; 88 ; 17 ; 1

This paper ail11s at l11easuring the total factor productivity (TFP) of the European agricultural finns. With a Translog index, an interspatial comparison of tIle twelve European countries and intertel11poral productivity variations are computed to l11easure the different rate of TFP (Translog, Fisher and Hulten indexes) in the European firms. The approach that we use is to calculate non parametric indexex of total factor productivity which allow flexible l110delling of underlying technology and easy calculation from the account data of the firms. The implication of the quasi-fix family work factor for the short mn and long mn equilibrium of the firms differ between countries and has consequences on the TFP path. The final cornments offer some explanation according with theory available.

The study focuses on testing the hypothesis that the subsidy system of the Common Agricultural Reform in 1992 (CAP'92) drove to changes in farm efficiency towards the thereby claimed objectives. With sequential applications of semiparametric methods we succeed to identify the impact of the direct payments on environmental adaptation, productivity and efficiency before and after CAP'92 without restrictive model specifications. We find that the claimed objectives of the EU subvention policy were met only partly, but that the CAP'92 was, however, a step forward. Our case study uses large Spanish data sets of animal orientated farms. This paper applies non parametric methods for policy evaluation at firm level. The study focuses on testing the hypothesis that the subsidy system of the Common Agricultural Reform in 1992 (CAP'92) drove to changes in farm efficiency towards the thereby claimed objectives. We concentrate here on animal oriented farms, in particular cattle, pig, sheep and goat farms. The correct quantification of efficiency and productivity differentials due to CAP'92 is crucial for such a policy analysis as different models can easily lead to different conclusions. Using non parametric methods we do not need to specify the production function of the farms. With sequential applications of semiparametric methods we succeed to identify the impact of the direct payments on environmental adaptation, productivity and efficiency before and after CAP'92 without restrictive model specifications. We find that the claimed objectives of the EU subvention policy were met only partly, but that the CAP'92 was - at least partly - indeed a step forward in that sense. Our case study uses large Spanish data sets of animal orientated farms. This is justified, among other reasons, by the relevance of these farms for Mediterranean forest and grazing land preservation in Spain. ; This research was supported by FUNCAS, the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, the "Dirección General de lnvestigación del Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología", project number SEJ2005-08269/ECON and SEJ2004-04583/ECON and CAM 2007/04099/001.

Using cointegration techniques, we estimate two models that capture the long-term relationship between Spanish prices and agricultural production. The models were estimated over Spanish agricultural data from 1970 to 2000, a period spanning Spain's implementation of the Common Agricultural Policy in 1986 and the application of the MacSharry Reforms in 1992. The models, as well asplausible counterfactual scenarios constructed to assess the production changes induced by the CAP, lead to three principal results. First, we find that Spanish agricultural output is responsive to agricultural prices. Second, we find that the MacSharry reforms have been instrumental in restraining agricultural production. Third, we find that Spanish agricultural output would have been higher if Spain had not applied the CAP. These results are important and have broad implications. First, they strengthen the position of those reformers both within and outside of Europe that argue for lower price supports as an appropriate policy for stemming European agricultural surpluses. Second, they indicate that recent EU reforms, which have in effect extended the MacSharry reforms, are appropriate measures for curbing European agricultural surpluses.

This study looks at international competitiveness of agriculture in the European Union and the United States. The most intuitive concept is that of price competitiveness.We calculate relative prices for 11 member states of the European Union and the United States for the period 1973–2002. We assume that markets are perfectly competitive and in long-run equilibrium, so that the observed price always equals average total cost, as measured by the cost dual to the production function. This assumption is used in our calculation of relative competitiveness and productivity gaps between the European Union and the United States and in our decomposition of relative price movements between changes in relative input prices and changes in relative productivity levels