Suchergebnisse

This paper aims to assess the fiscal measures performance in Saudi Arabia initiated in 2016 and onwards in improving fiscal imbalances during the pre-reform period (2012-2015) and post-reform period (2016-2019). In this research, t-Test paired two samples for means has been used to determine the pre- and post-fiscal reform performance. The study finds that there is a significant difference in real gross domestic product, Debt-gross domestic product ratio and Central Government net financial assets over the two periods while fiscal deficit, current account deficit, oil prices and non-oil gross domestic product growth shows no significant difference over the two periods. Therefore, Saudi Arabian policymakers should take extensive steps to finance its budget deficit and should implement suitable policies that accelerate non-oil gross domestic product growth and meet the needs of citizens. The outcome of this research can be used in future research to perceive the impact of Vision 2030 on the Saudi economy

The week macro-management of the economy during the 1980s led to the large and persistent macroeconomic imbalances. The widening gap between the revenues and expenditures of the Government caused growing fiscal deficits which had to be met by borrowings at home. The unmanageable balance of payments crisis and the high rate of inflation were those twin crises which were growing in the 1980s and peaked in 1990-91. The Gulf crisis in the late 1990s severely heightened macroeconomic problems. There was also political instability in the country at this stage. All these developments together eroded international confidence in the Indian economy and as a result, this country's credit rating in the international capital market declined steeply. This was the context in which the Government initiated a program of macroeconomic stabilization and structural adjustment with the support of the IMF and the World Bank. The regular budget for 1991-92 took a bold step in the direction of correcting the fiscal imbalance. The purpose of this research is to examine the reasons of the fiscal reforms started by the Government of India and to analyse the effectiveness of fiscal measures initiated by the government as a part of reform process in correcting the fiscal imbalances.

We utilize the data of a very large UK automobile loan firm to study the interaction of the characteristics of borrowers and loans in predicting the subsequent loan performance. Our broader findings confirm the earlier research on the issue of subprime auto loans. More importantly, unmarried borrowers living with furnished tenancy agreements who have relatively new jobs have a probability of defaulting of more than 60% compared to an average 7% default rate in overall subprime borrowers in the dataset. Also, in the above category are those who live in a less prosperous part of the UK such as the north-west, are full-time self-employed, have other large loan arrears, fall into the bottom 25% percentile of monthly income, secure loans with high loan to total value (LTV), purchase expensive automobiles with shorter loan duration payment plans, and have a high dependency on government support. This in fact is also true of those who go into arrears, except that the highest probability in this context is around 40% compared to 6% for an overall sample. These findings shall help in the understanding of subprime auto loans performance in relation to borrowers and loan features alongside helping auto finance firms improve predictive models and decision-making.

: Water as Blue economy is a viable and prudent use of oceans and other water resources for the economic development of a country. Pakistan's blue economic growth is heavily dependent on; aquatic life, agriculture, biotechnology, energy, health and recreational sector. The paper focuses the relationship of blue economy, i.e. water resources of Pakistan with respect to the several sectors and to investigate water as an economic commodity and highlighting the limiting factors which directly or indirectly affecting the blue economic development of the country thus suggesting the possible solution to overcome the barriers. The secondary data from 1992-2015 has been taken for the analysis of generation of blue capital in Pakistan. The contributing factors impeding the blue economy are; over-exploitation of oceanic resources, deterioration of water quality, lack of awareness and research activities for utilization of marine resources efficiently, bungling of water consumption practice in agriculture, dearth of consistent water ruling system, dilapidation of coastal ecosystem due to human activities, absence of infrastructure and technological advancement for energy production from stored or waste water, and lack of asset for the exploration of useful drugs and by-products from water sediment and in offshore energy production sector. The effective management and governance of available resources, especially for; Irrigation practices, political stability, effective policy framework, tangible investments in water-energy and technological sectors, accessibility of blue resources to the poor and under privilege community and efficient presiding system for the diminution of the synchronization gap between all controlling, monitoring and evaluation are required for viable blue economic development in Pakistan.