Suchergebnisse

Economists have long sought to predict how macroeconomic shocks willaffect individual welfare. Macroeconomic data and forecasts are easilyavailable when crises strike. But policy action requires not onlyunderstanding the magnitude of a macro shock, but also identifyingwhich households or individuals are being hurt by (or benefit from) thecrisis.A popular solution is to extrapolate the welfare impact of a shockfrom the historical response of income or consumption poverty tochanges in output, by estimating an 'elasticity' of poverty togrowth. Although this method provides an estimate for the aggregatepoverty impact of a macro shock, it has limited value for analysts andpolicymakers alike. Aggregate numbers are useful to capture theattention of policymakers and the international community, but in theabsence of any information on who is affected and to what extent,provide little guidance on what actions need to be taken.This volume outlines a more comprehensive approach to the problem,showcasing a microsimulation model, developed in response to demandfrom World Bank staff working in countries and country governments inthe wake of the global financial crisis of 2008-09. Starting with theidea of using simple macroeconomic projections as the 'macrolinkages' to a micro behavioral model built from household data,the model was conceptualized, refined and tested in a diverse mix ofcountries: Bangladesh, Philippines, Mexico, Poland and Mongolia. Theresults fed into country policy dialogue and lending operations of Bankteams, as well as various reports, research papers and briefs.

The relation between European Union and Human Rights Law has not always been close. The global projection of the EU, and its interest in becoming a leader in international trade and economic stability is facing its negative impact in some territories, specially those affected by human rights violation or negation of fundamental rules of International Law, such as ius cogens self-determination of people. This paper will examine whether the practice of the European Union trading with occupying and administrative powers in some territories (Crimea, Palestine, Western Sahara, Kosovo or Gibraltar) could jeopardise its compliance with its own values and principles. ; Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech.

We consider a model where firms differ in their productivity and workers are differentiated by skill and gender. A reduction in tariffs induces more productive firms to modernize their technology and enter the export market. New technologies involve computerized production processes and lower the need for physically demanding skills. As a result, the relative wage and employment of women improves in blue-collar tasks, but not in white-collar tasks. We empirically confirm these theoretical predictions using a panel of Mexican establishments and the tariff reductions associated with the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).