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[ES] En las últimas décadas han surgido diversos enfoques para dar respuesta a los desafíos que plantea la gestión del agua. Este artículo presenta, de manera introductoria, las principales aproximaciones teóricas desde las cuales se está analizando en la actualidad el uso y la gobernanza del agua: las corrientes neoinstitucionalistas, la teoría de los recursos comunes y la perspectiva del empoderamiento que se relaciona con la ecología política. La descripción de estos enfoques sirve para contextualizar las distintas aportaciones que se presentan en este monográfico sobre el estudio de los territorios hidrosociales, cuyos principales resultados se exponen sucintamente. ; [EN] During the last decades, different perspectives have emerged to respond to the challenges related to water management. This paper presents an introduction to the main theoretical approaches that currently are deployed to study water management and governance: new institutionalism, common-pool resources theory, and the empowerment perspective that is related to political ecology. The description of these approaches aims at contextualizing the different contributions presented in this special issue, several of which focus on the analysis of hydrosocial territories. Their main results are briefly summarized. ; Sanchis Ibor, C.; Boelens, R. (2018). Gobernanza del agua y territorios hidrosociales: del análisis institucional a la ecología política. Cuadernos de Geografía. 101:13-27. https://doi.org/10.7203/CGUV.101.13718 ; S ; 13 ; 27 ; 101

In Valencia, during the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, the water users´ associations and the Ayuntamiento de Valencia underwent through a fierce conflict. The revision of the legal concession of water diverted from the Turia River for urban uses brought a strong reaction from the agricultural users, which promoted an unprecedented social mobilization and provoked the major?s resignation. The conflict between huerta and city is an interesting indicator of the politicization of Valencian society in the first third of the twentieth century and also of the power of symbolic capital to boost social action. The present article describes and analyzes this conflict, which shows the strong pressure over water resources in the starting stages of river regulation processes in the Spanish Mediterranean basins.

Chapter 1. Irrigation in the Mediterranean: An Introduction (Carles Sanchis-Ibor, François Molle) -- Chapter 2. Tunisia (Abdelkader Hamdane) -- Chapter 3. Morocco (François Molle, Oumaima Tanouti, Nicolas Faysse) -- Chapter 4. Spain (Marta García-Mollá, Carles Sanchis-Ibor, Lorenzo Avellà, José Albiac, Daniel Isidoro and Sergio Lecina) -- Chapter 5. France (Sébastien Loubier, Thierry Ruf, Patrice Garin) -- Chapter 6: Italy (Gabriele Dono, Simone Severini, Davide Dell'Unto, Raffaele Cortignani) -- Chapter 7. Turkey (Sevilay Topçu, Aysegul Kibaroglu, Zeynep Kadirbeyoglu) -- Chapter 8. Israel (Doron Lavee, Eran Feitelson, Hadas Joseph-Ezra) -- Chapter 9. Egypt (François Molle) -- Chapter 10. Irrigation in the Mediterranean, Trends and Challenges (François Molle, Carles Sanchis-Ibor)

[ES] Los procesos de cambio de tecnología del riego están facilitando la penetración silenciosa de la empresa privada en los sistemas de gestión colectiva del riego en numerosos lugares de España y otros países mediterráneos. Este artículo analiza este fenómeno a partir del caso de estudio de Senyera (València), siguiendo la privatización, la disputa y la posterior recolectivización de la gestión por parte de los usuarios del riego. El trabajo muestra como la privatización menoscaba la autonomía de los agricultores y eleva los costes de gestión en un contexto de escasa transparencia. También revela la capacidad de los regantes para reelaborar su pasada acción colectiva, dando lugar a una nueva forma de autogestión creativa. ; [EN] Processes of technological change foster the silent penetration of private enterprise in collective irrigation water management in numerous areas of Spain, and in other Mediterranean countries. This paper discusses this phenomenon through a case study of the community of Senyera (València), tracking the privatization and subsequent contestation and re-takeover of water management by irrigation system users. The article shows how privatization removes users¿ autonomy and increases irrigation costs in a context of little transparency. The case also highlights users¿ capacity to re-value and re-signify their past collective action, turning it into new, creative forms of self-governance ; Sanchis Ibor, C.; Boelens, R.; García Molla, M. (2018). Cambio tecnológico, privatización y recuperación de la autogestión comunitaria del riego. El caso de Senyera (València). Cuadernos de Geografía. 101:91-106. https://doi.org/10.7203/CGUV.101.13722 ; S ; 91 ; 106 ; 101

[EN] In recent decades, water has been subjected to different commodification and de-collectivization processes. Increasingly, this is also affecting collective irrigation Water management. Critical analysis of this privatization and de-collectivization wave in the irrigation sector has mainly focused on neoliberal institutional policies and market-oriented legislation. However, subtly and silently but equally determinant, the adoption of water-saving technologies is fostering the penetration of private enterprise and market-based governance into these hydro social settings. This paper discusses this phenomenon through a case study of the community of Senyera in Valencia, Spain, tracking the privatization and subsequent contestation and re-takeover of water management by irrigation system users. The article shows how privatization removes users' autonomy in the name of common well-being, and increases irrigation costs in a context of little transparency. But the case also highlights users' capacity to re-value and re-signify, their past collective action, remembering and 're-membering to' the collective. Senyera water users critically and reflexively analyse privatization, reconstruct societal relationships around and embedded inside the new technology, and re-collectivize and re-moralize irrigation management in a new hydro social scenario. ; Support for this research has been partially provided by the project INIA RTA2014-00050-00-00 from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, partially financed with ERDF funds. ; Sanchis Ibor, C.; Boelens, R.; García Molla, M. (2017). Collective irrigation reloaded. Re-collection and re-moralization of water management after privatization in Spain. Geoforum. 87:38-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.10.002 ; S ; 38 ; 47 ; 87

[EN] Climate change and increased competition for water resources are generating growing concern about how to improve water-use efficiency in agriculture. In turn, this has prompted substantial investments in the installation of water-saving technologies in irrigation systems. The first aim of this research is to use data envelopment analysis to quantify, in terms of gross water savings (GWS), the local-scale efficiency of the irrigation policies adopted in an area of Spain suffering from a structural water deficit. Second, the cross-efficiency method is used to produce a ranking of the irrigation organizations analysed, in order to identify patterns of water-use efficiency performance that can guide future lines of investment. The results reveal that water-use efficiency prior to modernization is a key determinant of the efficiency achieved in terms of GWS at local scale. However, the investments targeted at irrigation modernization often have objectives other than water savings. These and other aspects should be taken into account when allocating public funds to irrigation modernization. ; Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. This study has been supported by the ADAPTAMED project ((RTI2018-101483-B-I00) and by the former IMPADAPT project (CGL2013-48424-C2-1-R) with Spanish MINECO (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad) and European FEDER funds. ; García Molla, M.; Puertas Medina, RM.; Sanchis Ibor, C. (2021). Application of data envelopment analysis to evaluate investments in the modernization of collective management irrigation systems in Valencia (Spain). Water Resources Management. 35:5011-5027. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-021-02986-1 ; S ; 5011 ; 5027 ; 35

The aim of this study is to conduct an ex post analysis of the generalized implementation of drip irrigation in the last two decades in the Valencia Region (Spain). Due to the important role played by water users' associations (WUAs) in this socio-technological change in the region, this research was based on 77 interviews with different WUAs that provided information prior and subsequent to modernization. Firstly, we review the published studies concerning the effects generated by this technological change and describe the drip irrigation promotion policies implemented by national and regional governments. Subsequently, we analyse the consequences for irrigation associations, including effects on water use and irrigation costs. The reduction of water withdrawals has been generally significant. This was possible because the regional contextual factors prevented, in most cases, crop intensification and areal expansion. Nevertheless, due to the enormous investment effort and the resulting maintenance costs, the technological change has increased irrigation costs, generating some uncertainties concerning the financial sustainability of some WUAs. In conclusion, a thorough assessment of contextual factors and accompanying measures such as technical assistance and monitoring appear to be indispensable to avoid unforeseen effects and to achieve the potential goals of conversion to drip technologies ; This study has been supported by the IMPADAPT project (CGL2013-48424-C2-1-R) with Spanish MINECO (Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad) and European FEDER funds. ; Sanchis Ibor, C.; García Molla, M.; Avellá Reus, LF. (2017). Effects of drip irrigation promotion policies on water use and irrigation costs in Valencia, Spain. Water Policy. 19(1):165-180. https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2016.025 ; S ; 165 ; 180 ; 19 ; 1

Los trabajos se publican bajo una licencia de Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional, salvo que se indique lo contrario. Esto es que se puede compartir y adaptar el material siempre que medie atribución del autor/es, del primer medio que publica y se proporcione un enlace a la licencia. Igualmente hay que indicar si se han realizado cambios. No se permite el uso del material con fines comerciales. ; [EN] During the last 30 years, regional and central administrations and farmers have done an important financial effort in order to promote irrigation modernization in the Valencia Region. This policy, a corollary of a National investment on demand management, has been materialized in an important expansion of drip irrigation techniques. The aim of this article, based on numerous interviews, is to analyze the effects of this policy on water user's associations, which have undergone significant changes in water supply, organization, irrigation efficiency and water costs in the last decades. ; [ES] Durante los últimos treinta años, las administraciones públicas y las entidades de riego han efectuado un importante esfuerzo destinado a modernizar los regadíos valencianos. Esta política hidráulica, consecuencia de la adopción de un modelo de gestión de la demanda, se ha materializado en una importante expansión del riego por goteo. El artículo analiza, a partir de diversas entrevistas, los efectos de la modernización sobre unas entidades de riego que han experimentado cambios en la eficiencia del riego, organización, usos y costos de agua. ; Sanchis Ibor, C.; García Molla, M.; Avella Reus, LF. (2016). Las políticas de implantación del riego localizado. Efectos en las entidades de riego de la Comunidad Valenciana. Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles. 72:9-35. doi:10.21138/bage.2330 ; S ; 9 ; 35 ; 72

THIS ARTICLE IS DISTRIBUTED UNDER THE TERMS OF THE CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION-NONCOMMERCIAL-SHAREALIKE LICENSE WHICH PERMITS ANY NON COMMERCIAL USE, DISTRIBUTION, AND REPRODUCTION IN ANY MEDIUM, PROVIDED THE ORIGINAL AUTHOR(S) AND SOURCE ARE CREDITED. ; The aim of this paper is to analyse the policy of water resources development implemented in the semiarid watershed of the Segura river during the last century, consisting of irrigation development promotion by means of the provision of new resources. The way in which this policy was implemented generated important conflicts among users, severely damaged riverine ecosystems and, paradoxically, created new water demands, perpetuating an outdated model of management. ; Sanchis Ibor, C.; García Molla, M.; Avella Reus, LF.; Carles Genoves, J. (2011). Reaching the limits of water resources mobilisation: Irrigation development in the Segura river basin, Spain. Water Alternatives. 4(3):259-278. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/60080 ; S ; 259 ; 278 ; 4 ; 3

The modernization of the irrigation systems has been the main strategy followed by the regional administration of the Valencia Region to cope with the structural water deficit of the region, which has been particularly severe during the last three decades. These policies have been oriented to the substitution of gravity irrigation systems for drip technology. The technological change has involved an important investment effort, developed by different public administrations and also the farmers and water users associations (WUAs). This transformation, has also involved a change in the structure of costs of the WUAs. This paper analyzes the changes in costs and tariffs of irrigation after the important investments made in the modernization of irrigation. The effects of subsidies on the percentage of the cost recovery in the services of water for irrigation are also considered. All of them have developed modernization projects in the recent years. It can be concluded that conflict between two objectives proposed by the Water Framework Directive may exist. On the one hand, significant reductions of water supply are observed; meanwhile, on the other hand, the cost recovery percentage diminishes significantly. ; García Molla, M.; Ortega Reig, MV.; Sanchis Ibor, C.; Avella Reus, LF. (2014). The effects of irrigation modernization on the cost recovery of water in the Valencia Region (Spain). Water Science and Technology: Water Supply. 14(3):414-420. doi:10.2166/ws.2013.215 ; S ; 414 ; 420 ; 14 ; 3

This paper analyzes the Girona River (Spain) flash flood, occurred on the 12th of October 2007, combining hydrological and hydraulic modeling with geomorphologic mapping and post-flood survey information. This research aims to reproduce the flood event in order to understand and decipher the flood processes and dynamics on a system of prograding alluvial fans. The hydrological model TETIS was used to characterize the shape and dimension of the October 2007 Girona River hydrograph. Subsequently, the flood event was reproduced using the free surface flow module of the model RiverFlow2D. The combination of hydrological and hydraulic models was evaluated using post-flood surveys defining maximum flooded area and flood depths. Then, simulations with different peak discharges were carried out to estimate the hydro-geomorphologic response of the Girona River floodplain, through the identification of the activation thresholds in different geomorphic elements. Results showed that the unit peak discharge of the October 2007 flood event (5 m3 s−1 km−2) was among the largest ever recorded in the area, according to the existing literature. Likewise, the hydraulic model showed a good performance in reproducing the flood event (FitA = 76%, RMSE = 0.65 m and NSE = 0.6), despite the complexity of the case, an ephemeral and ungauged river. The model simulation revealed the existence of an activation pattern of paleochannels and alluvial fans, which was altered by the presence of some anthropogenic disturbances. This multidisciplinary approach proved to be a useful strategy for understanding flash flood processes in ungauged catchments. It allowed understanding the mechanisms governing floods in alluvial fans systems and it represented a solid contribution for early warning plans and risk mitigation policies. ; This collaborative research was financed with the projects CGL2013-44917-R and SLWAMED CGL2014-58127-C3-2, of the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of the Spanish Government. Both projects were co-financed with FEDER ...

310 329 541 ; S ; This paper analyzes the Girona River (Spain) flash flood, occurred on the 12th of October 2007, combining hydrological and hydraulic modeling with geomorphologic mapping and post-flood survey information. This research aims to reproduce the flood event in order to understand and decipher the flood processes and dynamics on a system of prograding alluvial fans. The hydrological model TETIS was used to characterize the shape and dimension of the October 2007 Girona River hydrograph. Subsequently, the flood event was reproduced using the free surface flow module of the model RiverFlow2D. The combination of hydrological and hydraulic models was evaluated using post-flood surveys defining maximum flooded area and flood depths. Then, simulations with different peak discharges were carried out to estimate the hydro-geomorphologic response of the Girona River floodplain, through the identification of the activation thresholds in different geomorphic elements. Results showed that the unit peak discharge of the October 2007 flood event (5 m3 s−1 km−2) was among the largest ever recorded in the area, according to the existing literature. Likewise, the hydraulic model showed a good performance in reproducing the flood event (FitA = 76%, RMSE = 0.65 m and NSE = 0.6), despite the complexity of the case, an ephemeral and ungauged river. The model simulation revealed the existence of an activation pattern of paleochannels and alluvial fans, which was altered by the presence of some anthropogenic disturbances. This multidisciplinary approach proved to be a useful strategy for understanding flash flood processes in ungauged catchments. It allowed understanding the mechanisms governing floods in alluvial fans systems and it represented a solid contribution for early warning plans and risk mitigation policies. This collaborative research was financed with the projects CGL2013-44917-R and SLWAMED CGL2014-58127-C3-2, of the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of the Spanish Government. Both projects were ...

[EN] During the last three decades, like many other Mediterranean states, Spain has intensively promoted the modernization of irrigation, focusing mainly on the introduction of pressurized irrigation systems. Following 30 years of investment, a shift in irrigation policies is needed to solve some of the deficiencies in this modernization process and to incorporate new measures to cope with upcoming challenges generated by international markets, climate change and other social and economic processes. This paper describes and analyses the results of participatory research carried out with the water user associations in the autonomous region of Valencia, in order to define post-modernization irrigation policies. A survey and 24 local workshops involving 304 water user associations were conducted during the irrigation season of 2018 in order to form an assessment of the sector and design new irrigation policies. The results show that after 30 years of important investment, the obsolescence of the infrastructure has become the current main priority, making farmers dependent on public subsidies. New necessities have also emerged, such as renewable energies and nonconventional water resources, which farmers consider indispensable in order to reduce operating costs and guarantee water supply. ; This work has been developed under the framework of the research agreement "Estudio para la modernizacion del regadio en la Comunidad Valenciana", between the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia and the Generalitat Valenciana, and conducted as part of the research project "Design and evaluation of strategies to adapt to global climate change in Mediterranean watersheds by using irrigation water intensively (ADAPTAMED)" (RTI2018-101483-B-I00), funded by the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO) of Spain and with EU FEDER funds. ; Sanchis Ibor, C.; Ortega-Reig, M.; Guillem-Garcia, A.; Carricondo, JM.; Manzano Juarez, J.; García Molla, M.; Royuela, A. (2021). Irrigation Post-Modernization. Farmers Envisioning Irrigation ...