Suchergebnisse

1. Before the Indus Valley Civilisation – 5000BC to 2999BC -- 2. The Indus Valley Civilisation – 3000BC to 1600BC -- 3. The Rig Vedas – 1599BC to 1000BC -- 4. The Mahajanapadas and the Upanishads – 600BC to 345BC -- 5. The Nanda Empire – 400BC to 322BC -- 6. Alexander the Great, Bactria and Indo Greek States – 327BC to 10AD -- 7. The Mauryan Dynasty – 332BC to 184BC -- 8. The Ramayana and the First Chola Dynasty – 300BC to 275AD -- 10. Conclusion.

1. Introduction -- 2. The Dimensions of Human Development -- 3. The Economics of Psychology -- 4. The Theories of Cognitive Development -- 5. Cognitive Development and Childhood Learning -- 6. Personality Psychology -- 7. Psychology and Youth Development -- 8. Conclusion.

This book explores how economics can be based around studies on human behaviour, rather than relying on overly simplified assumptions generated from mathematical modelling. Through examining the link between human economic activity and psychology, specifically regarding the development of cognitive and non-cognitive ability, insight into the human dimensions of economic development and the sources of human inequality are provided. This book aims to question assumptions of rationality utilised in neoclassical economic theory and suggest how economic activity can be better understood through a deeper recognition of human behaviour. It will be relevant to students and researchers interested in the political economy and behavioural economics. Sangaralingam Ramesh is a Lecturer (Teaching) in Economics at University College London and a Departmental Tutor (Part-Time) at the University of Oxford.

1. Introduction -- 2. The Kamakura Period (1185AD-1333AD) -- 3. The Muromachi Period (1333AD-1568AD) & Azuchi-Momoyama Period (1568AD-1600AD) -- 4. The Tokugawa Period (1600AD-1868AD) -- 5. The Meiji Period (1868AD-1912AD) -- 6. The Taisho Period (1912AD-1926AD) -- 7. The Showa Period (1926AD-1989AD) -- 8. The Heisei Period (1989AD – 2019AD) -- 9. Conclusion.

This book describes and evaluates how institutional innovation and technological innovation have impacted on humanity from pre-historical times to modern times, and how societies have been transformed in history. The author interrogates the relationship between innovation and civilisation -- particularly the dynamic whereby innovation leads to empire-building -- and explores innovation efforts that stimulated economic and social synergies from the Babylonian Empire in 1900 BC up to the British Empire in the twentieth century. The author uses historical cross-cultural case studies to establish the factors which have given competitive advantages to societies and empires. This book will be of interest to researchers and students in political economy, economic history, economic growth and innovation economics.--

This paper evaluates the economic development of China using the New Economic Geography (NEG) as a framework of analysis. The NEG addresses the formation of agglomeration economies accruing to physical linkages in one location leading to the formation of a coreperiphery pattern between the regions of a country. However, the NEG cannot account for the role of knowledge creation linkages which are location independent in the formation of the core-periphery pattern. The main findings of this paper are that the formation of the coreperiphery pattern predicted by the NEG depends upon government economic and development policy at a point in time. Furthermore, while the NEG does not allow for knowledge creation to be involved in the formation of the core-periphery pattern, this paper shows that once the core-periphery pattern is formed, the knowledge creation process sustains it. This paper also supports the hypothesis that investment in infrastructure and fixed assets, which has been concentrated in China due to the nature of the Special Economic Zones in the Coastal regions, and the interdependence between different types of infrastructure leads to the formation of the core-periphery pattern.

International audience ; BACKGROUND:Recently, there has been a re-emergence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in endemic countries and an increase in imported cases in non-endemic countries by travelers, workers, expatriates, immigrants, and military force personnel. Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis is caused primarily by Leishmania major, L. tropica and L. aethiopica. Despite their low sensitivity, diagnosis traditionally includes microscopic and histopathological examinations, and in vitro cultivation. Several conventional PCR techniques have been developed for species identification, which are time-consuming and labour-intensive. Real-time PCR using SYBR green dye, although provides rapid detection, may generate false positive signals. Therefore, a rapid and easy method such as a FRET-based real-time PCR would improve not only the turn-around time of diagnosing Old World cutaneous Leishmania species but will also increase its specificity and sensitivity.METHODS:A FRET-based real-time PCR assay which amplifies the cathepsin L-like cysteine protease B gene encoding a major Leishmania antigen was developed to differentiate L. major, L. tropica, and L. aethiopica in one single step using one set of primers and probes. Assay performance was tested on cutaneous and visceral strains of Leishmania parasite cultures and isolates of other protozoan parasites as well as human biopsy specimen.RESULTS:The assay readily differentiates between the three Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis species based on their melting curve characteristics. A single Tm at 55.2 ± 0.5 °C for L. aethiopica strains was distinguished from a single Tm at 57.4 ± 0.2 °C for L. major strains. A double curve with melting peaks at 66.6 ± 0.1 °C and 48.1 ± 0.5 °C or 55.8 ± 0.6 °C was observed for all L. tropica strains. The assay was further tested on biopsy specimens, which showed 100% agreement with results obtained from isoenzyme electrophoresis and Sanger sequencing.CONCLUSION:Currently, there are no published data on real-time PCR using FRET technology to differentiate between Old World cutaneous Leishmania species. In summary, our assay based on specific hybridization addresses the limitations of previous PCR technology and provides a single step, reliable method of species identification and rapid diagnostic applications.

International audience ; BACKGROUND:Recently, there has been a re-emergence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in endemic countries and an increase in imported cases in non-endemic countries by travelers, workers, expatriates, immigrants, and military force personnel. Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis is caused primarily by Leishmania major, L. tropica and L. aethiopica. Despite their low sensitivity, diagnosis traditionally includes microscopic and histopathological examinations, and in vitro cultivation. Several conventional PCR techniques have been developed for species identification, which are time-consuming and labour-intensive. Real-time PCR using SYBR green dye, although provides rapid detection, may generate false positive signals. Therefore, a rapid and easy method such as a FRET-based real-time PCR would improve not only the turn-around time of diagnosing Old World cutaneous Leishmania species but will also increase its specificity and sensitivity.METHODS:A FRET-based real-time PCR assay which amplifies the cathepsin L-like cysteine protease B gene encoding a major Leishmania antigen was developed to differentiate L. major, L. tropica, and L. aethiopica in one single step using one set of primers and probes. Assay performance was tested on cutaneous and visceral strains of Leishmania parasite cultures and isolates of other protozoan parasites as well as human biopsy specimen.RESULTS:The assay readily differentiates between the three Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis species based on their melting curve characteristics. A single Tm at 55.2 ± 0.5 °C for L. aethiopica strains was distinguished from a single Tm at 57.4 ± 0.2 °C for L. major strains. A double curve with melting peaks at 66.6 ± 0.1 °C and 48.1 ± 0.5 °C or 55.8 ± 0.6 °C was observed for all L. tropica strains. The assay was further tested on biopsy specimens, which showed 100% agreement with results obtained from isoenzyme electrophoresis and Sanger sequencing.CONCLUSION:Currently, there are no published data on real-time PCR using FRET technology ...

Idris, S.M. Mohd.: Foreword Land alienation, land acquisition, and landuse planning 1. Abdul-Kader, Mohideen: Land alienation : the need for transparency and accountability, Bin-Adnan, Mohd. Burhanuddin: Voices from the ground: Kampung Merbau Berdarah: 20-year struggle for the land title 2. Raman, Meenakshi: Land acquisition : the need for greater public accountability and transparency 3. Jalleh, Martin: Landuse trends in Malaysia: who benefits? 4. Lee Goh Ban: Landuse planning in Malaysia Land and environment 5. Komoo, Ibrahim ; Pereira, Joy J.: Land developments and impacts on the environment Devi, Nirmala ; Seabrook, Jeremy: Voices from the ground: "There are no rich fishermen here ..." 6. Chan Ngai Weng: Degradation of highland areas in Malaysia : effects on water resources 7. Oh, Cecilia: Policy and legislation for the protection and conservation of highland areas and hill lands in Malaysia Issues about idle land, food security, Malay reserve and "wakaf" land 8. Arshad, Fatimah Mohd. ; Shamsudin, Mad Nasir: Food security and the issue of agricultural land Abdullah, Azizi Hj.: Voices from the ground: Of what good is a highway project? 9. Pazim@Fadzim bin Othman: The position of idle land in Malaysia 10.Abdul-Kader, Mohideen: The future and challenges of Muslim Wakaf in Penang 11. Abdul-Hamid, Mohd. Azmi: Malay reserve land and Malay land : the fate of the Malays in future development Voices from the ground: FELDA settlers : sons of whose soil? Land rights of communities 12. Seng Lim Heng: The land rights of the Orange Asli 13. Binwani, Jessica Ram: The plight of tenants and licensees in Malaysia Sangaralingam, Mageswari: Voices from the ground: Thean Teik estate: Gek Sim's story 14. Ali, S. Husin: Squatters and forced eviction in Malaysia Voices from the ground: For sale : land, trees and estate workers of Padang Meiha Perspectives on land 15. Bin-Mohideen, Shahridan Faiez: How culture determines landuse relationships: revisiting an old land conflict 16. Bari, Abdul Aziz: Land law from the Islamic traditional perspective 17. Alvares, Claude: Land perspectives : sacred and profane Rusindah, Budi: Voices from the gound: Development, a "poison" to village life

The study was funded by the MolDiagPaCa European Union Framework Programme and CR-UK Programme grant A12008 from CR-UK (C. Chelala, T. Crnogorac-Jurcevic, and N.R. Lemoine). Italian Cancer Genome Project – Ministry of University [FIRB RBAP10AHJB]; Associazione Italiana Ricerca Cancro [grant number: 12182]; FP7 European Community Grant Cam-Pac [no: 602783]; Italian Ministry of Health [FIMPCUP_J33G13000210001]. The funders were not involved in the design of the study, collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing of the manuscript. We thank Tracy Chaplin-Perkins for help with running the Affymetrix experiments.