Barcelona fue conformándose durante el siglo xix como uno de los principales ejes económicos de España a medida que avanzaba un complejo proceso de industrialización y se desarrollaba una estrecha vinculación con las colonias. Esta transformación fue acompañada de la formación de una elite económica que impulsó fuertes vínculos con unas nuevas instituciones financieras convirtiéndose en uno de los puntales sociales y económicos de la ciudad. En este artículo se analizan los vínculos de esta elite económica con el sector bancario de la ciudad y su evolución en el largo plazo (1853-1919).
Este artículo contiene 20 páginas, 4 tablas, 6 figuras. ; Coastal vegetated "blue carbon" ecosystems can store large quantities of organic carbon (OC) within their soils; however, the importance of these sinks for climate change mitigation depends on the OC accumulation rate (CAR) and residence time. Here we evaluate how two modeling approaches, a Bayesian age-depth model alone or in combination with a two-pool OC model, aid in our understanding of the time lines of OC within seagrass soils. Fitting these models to data from Posidonia oceanica soil cores, we show that age-depth models provided reasonable CAR estimates but resulted in a 22% higher estimation of OC burial rates when ephemeral rhizosphere OC was not subtracted. This illustrates the need to standardize CAR estimation to match the research target and time frames under consideration. Using a two-pool model in tandem with an age-depth model also yielded reasonable, albeit lower, CAR estimates with lower estimate uncertainty, which increased our ability to detect among-site differences and seascape-level trends. Moreover, the two-pool model provided several other useful soil OC diagnostics, including OC inputs, decay rates, and transit times. At our sites, soil OC decayed quite slowly both within fast cycling (0.028 ± 0.014 yr−1) and slow cycling (0.0007 ± 0.0003 yr−1) soil pools, resulting in OC taking between 146 and 825 yr to transit the soil system. Further, an estimated 85% to 93% of OC inputs enter slow-cycling soil pools, with transit times ranging from 891 to 3,115 yr, substantiating the importance of P. oceanica soils as natural, long-term OC sinks. ; For this work E. Fay Belshe was supported by the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) with funds from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and the People Programme (Marie Curie Actions) of the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under REA Grant Agreement 605728 (P.R.I.M.E. - Postdoctoral Researchers International Mobility Experience). O. Serrano was supported by an ARC DECRA (DE170101524). The work leading to this publication was supported by the projects SUMILEN (CTM2013-47728-R) and PALEOPARK (1104/2014), funded by the Spanish National Parks and State Research Schemes.We also would like to acknowledge the Coastal Carbon Research Coordination Network CCRCN (NSFDEB 1655622) for helping us submit our data to the CCRCN database at the Smithsonian Institute and providing insights into coastal soil carbon dynamics during the December 2018 Soil Carbon Working Group workshop. All data used in this publication can be found on the Smithsonian Institution's Figshare data repository (https://doi. org/10.25573/data.9856769.v1) and can also be accessed through the Coastal Carbon Atlas (https://ccrcn. shinyapps.io/CoastalCarbonAtlas/). ; Peer reviewed
