Suchergebnisse

In the aftermath of the Great Recession, the Spanish government reduced the replacement rate (RR) from 60% to 50% after 180 days of unemployment for all spells beginning on July 15, 2012. Using Social Security data and a Differences-in-Differences approach, we find that reducing the RR by 10 percentage points (or 17%) increases workers' odds of finding a job by at least 41% relative to similar workers not affected by the reform. To put it differently, the reform reduced the mean expected unemployment duration by 5.7 weeks (or 14%), implying an elasticity of 0.86. We find strong behavioral effects as the reform reduced the expected unemployment duration right from the beginning of the unemployment spell. While the reform had no effect on wages, it did not decrease other measures of post-displacement job-match quality. After 15 months, the reform decreased unemployment insurance expenditures by 16%, about half of which are explained by job seekers' behavioral changes.

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we develop a new estimation method that is suitable for censored models with two high dimensional fixed effects and that is based on a sequence of least squares regressions, yielding significant savings in computing time and hence making it applicable to frameworks in which standard estimation techniques become unfeasible. We propose to apply this estimation method to investigate the role of firms in individual wage variation. Using a longitudinal match employer‐employee dataset from Spain, we show that the analysis of wage determination can be misleading when wages are censored. In particular, the role of firm wage policies in wage dispersion is overestimated by more than ten percentage points, while the role of time‐invariant individual characteristics is underestimated by fifteen percentage points. Hence, controlling for censored wages appears to reinforce the idea that when explaining individual wage dispersion, what workers 'are' is more important than what workers 'do'.

[ES] SYDDARTA es un proyecto de ámbito europeo, bajo el 7º Programa Marco y dentro de la Convocatoria de Patrimonio Cultural, centrado en el desarrollo de un sistema de digitalización 3D por visión híper-espectral. El consorcio está liderado por AIDO, instituto tecnológico de Óptica de Valencia, y tiene miembros de 8 países de la Unión Europea. La base tecnológica del prototipo a desarrollar está basada en la unión de la técnica de digitalización 3D por proyección de patrones, que permite obtener la geometría del objeto a analizar, y la técnica de visión híper-espectral, que permite la realización de análisis químicos y estructurales a partir de la lectura de las capas interiores del objeto a analizar gracias a la capacidad de penetración de determinadas longitudes de onda no visibles (principalmente infrarrojo). ; [EN] SYDDARTA is an European-range project, under the 7ht framework program, focused on the development of a hyper-spectral based 3D digitizing system. The consortium is led by AIDO, Technological Institute for Optics in Valencia, and has members of 8 countries from the European Union. The technological base of the prototype to-be-developed is the combination of the pattern projection 3D digitizing technique, that generates the 3D shape of the object analyzed, and the hyperspectral vision technique, that makes possible to perform chemical and structural analysis from the data taken from the interior layers of the object analyzed, an information that is provided by the penetration capability of the non visible wavelengths used (mainly infra-red). ; Sanjuan Sanz, Y.; Granero Montagud, L.; Díaz Gómez, F. (2015). Desarrollo de Proyectos Europeos: SYDDARTA. Virtual Archaeology Review. 4(8):42-45. https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2013.4286 ; OJS ; 42 ; 45 ; 4 ; 8

[Background] The infant microbiota may play a pathogenic role in coeliac disease (CD). Antibiotic treatment in pregnancy is common and could significantly impact the infant microbiota. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between antibiotic exposure during pregnancy and CD in offspring. ; [Methods] Prospective questionnaire data on antibiotic exposure in pregnancy were available in 8729 children participating in the All Babies in Southeast Sweden (ABIS) cohort study, and of these 46 developed CD until December 2006. Cox regression estimated hazard ratios (HRs) for CD in the offspring among mothers exposed to antibiotics during pregnancy, with adjustment for parent-reported diary data on breastfeeding, age at gluten introduction and number of infections in the child's first year of life. ; [Results] Of the 1836 children exposed to antibiotics during pregnancy, 12 (0.7%) children developed CD as compared with 34/6893 (0.5%) unexposed children (HR = 1.33; 95% CI = 0.69-2.56). Risk estimates remained unchanged after adjustment for breastfeeding, age at gluten introduction and infection load in the child's first year of life (HR = 1.28; 95% CI = 0.66-2.48). ; [Conclusions] We found no statistically significant association between antibiotic exposure during pregnancy and CD in offspring. This lack of association may either be true or the result of limited statistical power. ; This work was supported by; KM: The Swedish Society of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet; JL: Swedish Child Diabetes Foundation (Barndiabetesfonden), Research Council for Southeast Sweden, ALF (Swedish Government), Canadian Research Council, Östgöta Brandstodsbolag, Östergötland County Council, EU Research Grants. YS: grants AGL2011-25169 and Consolider Fun-C-Food CSD2007-00063 from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness; JFL: The Swedish Society of Medicine, the Swedish Research Council, the Örebro Society of Medicine, the Karolinska Institutet, and the Swedish Celiac Society. ; Peer Reviewed

SYDDARTA is an European-range project, under the 7ht framework program, focused on the development of a hyper-spectral based 3D digitizing system. The consortium is led by AIDO, Technological Institute for Optics in Valencia, and has members of 8 countries from the European Union. The technological base of the prototype to-be-developed is the combination of the pattern projection 3D digitizing technique, that generates the 3D shape of the object analyzed, and the hyperspectral vision technique, that makes possible to perform chemical and structural analysis from the data taken from the interior layers of the object analyzed, an information that is provided by the penetration capability of the non visible wavelengths used (mainly infra-red). ; SYDDARTA es un proyecto de ámbito europeo, bajo el 7º Programa Marco y dentro de la Convocatoria de Patrimonio Cultural, centrado en el desarrollo de un sistema de digitalización 3D por visión híper-espectral. El consorcio está liderado por AIDO, instituto tecnológico de Óptica de Valencia, y tiene miembros de 8 países de la Unión Europea. La base tecnológica del prototipo a desarrollar está basada en la unión de la técnica de digitalización 3D por proyección de patrones, que permite obtener la geometría del objeto a analizar, y la técnica de visión híper-espectral, que permite la realización de análisis químicos y estructurales a partir de la lectura de las capas interiores del objeto a analizar gracias a la capacidad de penetración de determinadas longitudes de onda no visibles (principalmente infrarrojo).

The objective of this work was to investigate whether the use of unpurified agar-based fractions extracted from the seaweed Gelidium as microencapsulation matrices has an impact on probiotic protection during storage. Therefore, unpurified and pure agar and agarose-based microcapsules were produced through emulsification/internal gelation for the protection of Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum CECT 7765. Initially, agarose-based formulations with other biopolymers were evaluated, given the excellent oxygen barrier properties of this polysaccharide. The optimal combination in terms of probiotic protection was selected for further experiments and this agarose-based formulation was compared with microcapsules produced using both pure and unpurified agar-based fractions. The presence of other compounds (mainly proteins and polyphenols) in the unpurified agar fractions significantly improved the viability of these sensitive probiotic bacteria both at ambient and refrigerated storage conditions. Furthermore, the presence of impurities allowed the increase of solids content in the formulation giving raise to stronger gel particles, which could contribute to limited oxygen diffusion, thus, partly explaining the improved protection. Therefore, this work demonstrates the potential of more cost-effective less purified carbohydrate-based fractions for probiotic protection. ; This work was financially supported by the "Agencia Estatal de Investigación" and co-funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (ERA-Net SUSFOOD2) and the European Union's Seventh Framework Program under the grant agreement no 613979 (MyNewGut). Marta Martinez-Sanz, Maria José Fabra and Laura G. Gómez-Mascaraque are recipients of a Juan de la Cierva (IJCI-2015-23389), Ramon y Cajal (RYC-2014-158) and predoctoral (BES-2013-065883) contracts, respectively, from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness. ; Peer reviewed

Bifidobacteria are one of the main microbial inhabitants of the human colon. Usually administered in fermented dairy products as beneficial microorganisms, they have to overcome the acidic pH found in the stomach during the gastrointestinal transit to be able to colonize the lower parts of the intestine. The mechanisms underlying acid response and adaptation in Bifidobacterium longum biotype longum NCIMB 8809 and its mutant resistant to acid pH B. longum biotype longum 8809dpH, were studied. Comparison of protein maps, and protein identification by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis, allowed us to identify 9 different proteins whose production largely changed in the mutant strain. Furthermore, the production of 47 proteins was modulated by pH in one or both strains. These included general stress response chaperones, proteins involved in transcription and translation, as well as in the carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism, among others. Significant differences in the levels of metabolic end-products and in the redox status of the cells were also detected between the wild type strain and its acid pH resistant mutant in response, or as a result of, adaptation to acid. Remarkably, the results of this work indicated that adaptation and response to low pH in B. longum biotype longum involves changes in the glycolytic flux and in the ability to regulate the internal pH. These changes were accompanied by a higher content of ammonium in the cytoplasm, likely coming from amino acid deamination, and a decrease of the bile salt hydrolase activity ; This work was financed by European Union FEDER funds and the Spanish Plan Nacional de I + D (project AGL2004-06727-C02-01/ALI and AGL2005-05788-C02-01/ALI). B. Sánchez was the recipient of a FPI predoctoral fellowship from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología and from the MICA department of the National Institute for Research in Agronomy (INRA). ; Peer reviewed

8 páginas, 1 figura, 2 tablas ; Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy involving genetic and environmental factors, whose interaction influences disease risk. The intestinal microbiota, including viruses and bacteria, could play a role in the pathological process leading to gluten intolerance. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of pathogens in the intestinal microbiota of infants at familial risk of developing CD. We included 127 full-term newborns with at least one first-degree relative with CD. Infants were classified according to milk-feeding practice (breastfeeding or formula feeding) and HLA-DQ genotype (low, intermediate or high genetic risk). The prevalence of pathogenic bacteria and viruses was assessed in the faeces of the infants at 7 days, 1 month and 4 months of age. The prevalence of Clostridium perfringens was higher in formula-fed infants than in breast-fed over the study period, and that of C. difficile at 4 months. Among breastfed infants, a higher prevalence of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) was found in infants with the highest genetic risk compared either to those with a low or intermediate risk. Among formula-fed infants, a higher prevalence of ETEC was also found in infants with a high genetic risk compared to those of intermediate risk. Our results show that specific factors, such as formula feeding and the HLA-DQ2 genotype, previously linked to a higher risk of developing CD, influence the presence of pathogenic bacteria differently in the intestinal microbiota in early life. Further studies are warranted to establish whether these associations are related to CD onset later in life. ; This work was supported by grants AGL2011-25169, AGL2014-52101-P and AGL2007-66126-C03-03/ALI (YS and FP) from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO). The scholarship to MO from CSIC (JAEpre) and the contract to ABP from the European Union's Seventh Framework Program under the grant agreement no 613979 (MyNewGut) are also fully acknowledged. ; Peer reviewed

For the last decades, nanocomposites materials have been widely studied in the scientific literature as they provide substantial properties enhancements, even at low nanoparticles content. Their performance depends on a number of parameters but the nanoparticles dispersion and distribution state remains the key challenge in order to obtain the full nanocomposites' potential in terms of, e.g., flame retardance, mechanical, barrier and thermal properties, etc., that would allow extending their use in the industry. While the amount of existing research and indeed review papers regarding the formulation of nanocomposites is already significant, after listing the most common applications, this review focuses more in-depth on the properties and materials of relevance in three target sectors: packaging, solar energy and automotive. In terms of advances in the processing of nanocomposites, this review discusses various enhancement technologies such as the use of ultrasounds for in-process nanoparticles dispersion. In the case of nanocoatings, it describes the different conventionally used processes as well as nanoparticles deposition by electro-hydrodynamic processing. All in all, this review gives the basics both in terms of composition and of processing aspects to reach optimal properties for using nanocomposites in the selected applications. As an outlook, up-to-date nanosafety issues are discussed. ; This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement No. 686116. For more information, refer to http://www. optinanopro.eu/. This work was supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) and the Technical University of Munich (TUM) in the framework of the Open Access Publishing Program. The authors thank the DFG and TUM for their support. The authors also wish to thank Johannes Bott for discussions and inputs regarding the field of nanosafety ; We acknowledge support by the CSIC Open Access Publication Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI).