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The rate of pesticide application in the agricultural field is surging. Farmers are getting exposed to pesticide hazards from the misuse and unsafe handling of pesticides. The study was conducted among 101 potato growers in Kaverpalanchok district of Nepal in 2018. The objective of the study was to assess the knowledge, status, and pesticide handling practices among potato growers. Around 94% farmers applied pesticides against early and late blight. Only 5% growers treated seed before potato sowing. About 93 and 73% farmers sprayed pesticides 2-10 times/season into the field and spent 2-6 hours/pesticide spray respectively. More than 2/3rd growers did not read the pesticide labels, and nearly 95% growers received information on pesticide applications from agrovet rather than authorized government bodies. Only 13% farmers had received Integrated Pest Management (IPM) training. However, 1/4th of them had practiced IPM techniques. The majority of the growers used masks, rubber boots, and long-sleeved clothes during pesticide handling. Nearly 2/3rd growers threw pesticide containers anywhere in the environment. Concerned authorities should provide IPM training, skill-building programs on pesticide handling and awareness on waiting period and environmental hazards to avoid pesticide risk.

In vielen Ländern des globalen Südens wird der vorherrschende Diskurs zur ländlichen Entwicklung hinterfragt. Dies ist auch in Nepal so, wo verschiedene nicht-staatliche Akteure und soziale Bewegungen als neue Vermittler in Erscheinung treten und politische Parteien herausfordern oder ersetzen, die bislang zwischen Staat und Menschen vermittelt haben. Dieser Wettstreit wird durch die Zunahme von Ethno-Politik im aktuellen Prozess der Staatsrekonstruktion kompliziert, in der die Diskussion über einen ethnischen Föderalismus einen entscheidenden Platz hat. Basierend auf einer Fallstudie über die ethnische Tharu-Bewegung untersucht dieser Beitrag die Rolle von Geberorganisationen und internationalen Akteuren in Verhältnis zu den ethnischen Bewegungen in Nepal.

Globally, power and leadership are considered as two unavoidable factors of social change and local development. In Nepal's federal context, the nexus of power and leadership has been less addressed in academic research though most of the studies are focused on local governance. The present study attempts to analyze the nature of leadership and its power structure in the context of rural Nepal. It follows a critical ontological position of the development of power and leadership. Methodologically, a complete leadership of Dogana village in Suddhodhan Rural Municipality of Rupandehi district (Lumbini Province) was undertaken to assess the rural leadership. It is found that the most important factor for holding the rural leadership was 'affiliation with the political party', which was followed by 'well-being ranking' and 'caste/ ethnic status' of the leadership. The rural leaders used to change their policies and strategies to create and sustain power, such as doing multiple professions and building networks other than politics. The paper, therefore, concludes that a significant change occurred in leadership pattern and power structure of rural Nepal from informal to formal, and less inclusive to more inclusive and representative. Despite this, the changes are still elite-centric, politically vested, and economically favorable either to the upper-class people or middle-class mediators (bichauliyas). The study predicts that the contestations in leadership and power-sharing could be more critical in the days to come with the implementation of federalism in the rural context. The implication of this study largely relies on the context of local power structure and village politics in Nepal.

Globally, power and leadership are considered as two unavoidable factors of social change and local development. In Nepal's federal context, the nexus of power and leadership has been less addressed in academic research though most of the studies are focused on local governance. The present study attempts to analyze the nature of leadership and its power structure in the context of rural Nepal. It follows a critical ontological position of the development of power and leadership. Methodologically, a complete leadership of Dogana village in Suddhodhan Rural Municipality of Rupandehi district (Lumbini Province) was undertaken to assess the rural leadership. It is found that the most important factor for holding the rural leadership was 'affiliation with the political party', which was followed by 'well-being ranking' and 'caste/ ethnic status' of the leadership. The rural leaders used to change their policies and strategies to create and sustain power, such as doing multiple professions and building networks other than politics. The paper, therefore, concludes that a significant change occurred in leadership pattern and power structure of rural Nepal from informal to formal, and less inclusive to more inclusive and representative. Despite this, the changes are still elite-centric, politically vested, and economically favorable either to the upper-class people or middle-class mediators (bichauliyas). The study predicts that the contestations in leadership and power-sharing could be more critical in the days to come with the implementation of federalism in the rural context. The implication of this study largely relies on the context of local power structure and village politics in Nepal.

Human Trafficking and transportation has rapidly been grown day by day. Women and children got sexually exploited and involved in other activities during the time they went to work in the big cities of India. Exactly since when such criminal activities started and who started when we see human development. Open Border with India, cheap labor and employment faced by Nepalese people who are compelled to go for foreign employment, their labor exploitation, gender discrimination existed in the society. Human trafficking and transportation has been guided by two prominent factors: pulling and pushing. Urban lifestyle in the town, cheap labor found there, imitation trend, job and other facilities are puling factors which compel for the people to migrate from the village to town and poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, social insecurity, social discrimination and indirect political conflict.

The problem of child labour, as faced by the developing economics today, has indeed taken on serious dimensions. The exploitative socio-economic structures resulting in the marginalization of the poor have left them with no option but compel them to adopt child labour as a survival strategy. In the study, efforts are made to understand the societal facts about child labour and the root causes of the problem in the context of the socio-economic dynamics prevailing in the country. Child labour is a serious and wide spread problem in Nepal. Hotel, teashop and restaurant work are the most visible and hazardous forms of child labour, which is mostly common in the urban areas of Nepal. Moreover, they are among the most neglected, abused and exploited segments of the population. The study gathered information on hotel, child laborers socio-economic condition, their working condition, root cause of being laborers and problems faced by them. The child laborers come from almost all parts of the country and they are from different castes and ethnic groups. The majority of children are of age group with the average age being 14.5 years. Most of child laborers have their poor condition, step mother scenario, and illiterate family background. The children were found marginally illiterate. The household poverty is the leading cause of being child laborer in general. However, other factors like social injustice, unequal access to resources, large family size, death of earning family members, illiteracy, etc. contribute to enter into labour market from early age. The communicable diseases were prone in child laborers.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the banking industry of Nepal from 2005 to 2010 to track the causes of banking crisis of 2011 using theories of macro-economics and finance as a conceptual starting point. In 2011, several commercial and development banks faced severe liquidity crisis that caused panic in the general public. Banks lost large amount of money in their loan and investment portfolios, which compelled the Government of Nepal to inject liquidity in the market. In the recent past years leading to the banking crisis of 2011, there was rapid change in the size and activity of banking industry. This paper analyzes changes that occurred in the financial market in the period of 2005 to 2010 that triggered the banking crisis. The roles of remittance, credit expansion and asset bubble have been analyzed in terms of their connection to the liquidity crisis.

This paper evaluates the effects of globalization on human development, gender development and human poverty in the developing countries and compares the effects across world regions as well as the income groups of countries. Applying the GLS random effect model to the annual panel data of 124 developing countries covering 9 years from 1997, the study shows that globalization, measured by the KOF Index of globalization, not only promotes human and gender development but also reduces human poverty significantly. Not surprisingly, all three aspects of globalization (economic, social and political) contribute to the overall effect of globalization. To complement these findings, the paper calls for a study of some country cases. The conclusion is made that such studies will facilitate the development of policy recommendations tailored towards countries in their cultural context, with a positive (or at least neutral) impact on the reduction of human development gaps within them.