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Many developing countries are afflicted by persistent inequality in the distribution of income. While a growing body of literature emphasize differential fertility as a channel through which income inequality persists, this paper investigates differential child mortality - differences in the incidence of child mortality across socioeconomic groups - as a critical link in this regard. Using evidence from cross-country data to evaluate this linkage, we find that differential child mortality serves as a stronger channel than differential fertility in the transmission of income inequality over time. We use random effects and generalized estimating equations techniques to account for temporal correlation within countries. The results are robust to the use of an alternate definition of fertility that reflects parental preference for children instead of realized fertility.

| openaire: EC/H2020/670743/EU//QuDeT Funding Information: We thank P. Alekseev, D. Golubev, and S.-S. Yeh for fruitful discussions and comments. This work was supported by the Academy of Finland Projects No. 314448 (BOLOSE), No. 310086 (LTnoise), and No. 312295 (CoE, Quantum Technology Finland), by ERC (Grant No. 670743), as well as by the DFG within FLAG-ERA Joint Transnational Call (Project No. GO 1405/5-1 GRANSPORT) and RFBR (Grant No. 20-02-00490). This research project utilized the Aalto University OtaNano/LTL infrastructure which is part of European Microkelvin Platform EMP (funded by European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme Grant No. 824109). Publisher Copyright: ©2021 American Physical Society ; We have measured magnetoresistance of suspended graphene in the Corbino geometry at magnetic fields up to B = 0.15 T, i.e., in a regime uninfluenced by Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations. The low-temperature relative magnetoresistance [R(B) - R(0)]/R(0) is strong, approaching 100% at the highest magnetic field studied, with a quite weak temperature dependence below 30 K. A decrease in the relative magnetoresistance by a factor of two is found when charge carrier density is increased to vertical bar n vertical bar similar or equal to 3 x 10(10) cm(-2). Furthermore, we find a shift in the position of the charge neutrality point with increasing magnetic field, which suggests that magnetic field changes the screening of Coulomb impurities around the Dirac point. The gate dependence of the magnetoresistance allows us to characterize the role of scattering on long-range (Coulomb impurities, ripples) and short-range disorder (adatoms, atomic defects), as well as to separate the bulk resistance from the contact one. Based on the analysis of the magnetoresistance, we propose a more reliable method to extract the bulk mobility, which does not require prior knowledge of the contact resistance. It is thus demonstrated that studying magnetoresistance in the Corbino geometry is an extremely valuable tool to characterize high-mobility graphene samples, in particular, in the vicinity of the Dirac point. ; Peer reviewed

BACKGROUND: Studies on high temperatures and mortality have not focused on underdeveloped tropical regions and have reported the associations of different temperature metrics without conducting model selection. METHODS: We collected daily mortality and meteorological data including ambient temperatures and humidity in Ahmedabad during summer, 1987–2017. We proposed two cross-validation (CV) approaches to compare semiparametric quasi-Poisson models with different temperature metrics and heat wave definitions. Using the fittest model, we estimated heat-mortality associations among general population and subpopulations. We also conducted separate analyses for 1987–2002 and 2003–2017 to evaluate temporal heterogeneity. FINDINGS: The model with maximum and minimum temperatures and without heat wave indicator gave the best performance. With this model, we found a substantial and significant increase in mortality rate starting from maximum temperature at 42 °C and from minimum temperature at 28 °C: 1 °C increase in maximum and minimum temperatures at lag 0 were associated with 9.56% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.64%, 12.56%) and 9.82% (95% CI: 6.33%, 13.42%) increase in mortality risk, respectively. People aged ≥ 65 years and lived in South residential zone where most slums were located, were more vulnerable. We observed flatter increases in mortality risk associated with high temperatures comparing the period of 2003–2017 to 1987–2002. INTERPRETATION: The analyses provided better understanding of the relationship of high temperatures with mortality in underdeveloped tropical regions and important implications in developing heat warning system for local government. The proposed CV approaches will benefit future scientific work.