Suchergebnisse

AbstractIn order to establish a new national budget system during the Progressive Era, Congress had to overcome an earlier convention in which it used detailed appropriations in an attempt to control the budgetary actions of federal agencies and the president served no formal role. Incremental changes to strengthen congressional budgetary controls proved inadequate but provided reformers with an opportunity to supplant the existing orthodoxy, resulting in the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921. Although most studies have focused on the Act in terms of its effects on presidential power and presidential/congressional relations, this study focuses on congressional actions and debates to show how reform was rooted in long-standing congressional concerns about the need to control agency budgetary actions and was understood at the time as a culmination of those efforts, not simply as a case of Congress enhancing presidential power at its own expense.

This report is intended to describe in brief each of the parts of the budget process that involve Congress, clarify the role played by each, and explain how they operate together. It includes the President's budget submission, the budget resolution, reconciliation, sequestration, authorization, and appropriations.

This report presents the The Origination Clause in the House of Representatives through the House's primary method known as Blue-Slipping.

This report presents a brief description f the five methods used to bring proposed legislation to the House floor for consideration.

This report is categorized into five categories: (I) Introduction, (II) Arguments Favoring and Opposing Biennial Budgeting, (III) Legislative History of Biennial Budgeting, (IV) Types of Biennial Budgeting and (V) Biennial Budgeting in the states.

This report presents a brief description of the five methods used to bring proposed legislation to the House floor for consideration.

The amending process is central to the consideration of legislation by the Senate. This report briefly describes the various types of amendments that take place in the Senate.

This report describes the process whereby the House and the Senate revise measures to be identical before sending them to the president.

This report examines the recent legislative history of proposed constitutional amendments to require a balanced federal budget.

This report is a guide on the Appropriations Process and the Congressional Budget Act.

This report contains the floor consideration of conference reports in the Senate.

In this article we evaluate the likely effect of enforcement provisions to congressional proposals for a constitutional balanced budget amendment. We define four general areas of enforcement: legislative, executive, judicial, and public opinion. Each of these areas is in turn evaluated along three criteria: political feasibility (can it be enacted and consistently implemented?), effectiveness (is it likely to result in "balance"?), and implications for redistribution of power across branches. We conclude from this analysis that there are limits associated with all balanced budget enforcement provisions. A reliance on one or no explicit enforcement provision would limit the credibility of any constitutional amendment. Ultimately, the enforcement of the amendment would inevitably rest on the commitment of legislators to producing a balanced budget, and in the absence of such a commitment, any enforcement provision would not likely succeed.