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Cover -- Title Page -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Introduction -- 1. A Framework for Analysing General Principles -- I. Introduction: A Tetrahedral Framework -- II. Jurisprudential Legitimacy: A Brief Consideration of Positivism and Natural Law -- III. Function: A Binding Source of International Law? -- A. 'Hard' and 'Soft' Rhetoric: Consent and Voluntarism -- i. Treaties -- ii. Customary International Law -- iii. General Principles -- IV. Type -- A. Principles and Rules -- B. Content of General Principles -- V. Methodology -- A. Domestic/International Forum -- B. Comparativism/Categoricism -- C. Judicial Discretion -- i. Discretion and Gaps in International Law -- D. Appropriateness -- VI. Conclusion -- 2. History of Article 38(1)(c) -- I. Introduction -- II. Development Pre-World War I -- A. Arbitral Procedure Regulations 1875 -- B. Permanent Court of Arbitration: 1899 and 1907 -- C. Court of Arbitral Justice: 1907 -- D. International Prize Court: 1907 -- i. General Principles of Justice and Equity -- ii. The Prize Court's Failure: A Bold Solution Goes Too Far -- E. Development 1910-14 -- III. Development Post-World War I -- A. The Draft Schemes -- i. Draft Scheme of Denmark, Norway and Sweden: 1918 -- ii. Swiss Avant-projet: 1918-19 -- iii. Five Powers Plan -- iv. Proposals of the German Government: 1919 -- v. Draft Prepared by Clovis Bevilaqua -- vi. Memorandum, Permanent Secretariat -- B. Discretion and General Principles -- IV. Article 38(1)(c) and the PCIJ -- A. Advisory Committee of Jurists -- i. 13th Meeting of the Committee -- ii. 14th Meeting -- iii. 15th Meeting -- B. Passage through the League of Nations -- V. Conclusion: Applying the Tetrahedral Framework -- A. Jurisprudential Legitimacy -- B. Function -- C. Methodology -- i. The Role of Judicial Discretion.

Artificially created islands are a contemporary reality, created and used for military and nonmilitary purposes. Analysis of such islands has largely been limited to their status under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) regime. Their position under general international law, however, remains unclear. In particular, the question of whether artificial islands can constitute sovereign territory remains unanswered. This Article analyzes the concept of territory in international law in the context of artificial islands, and argues that neither the doctrine of territory nor the strictures of UNCLOS prevent artificial islands from constituting territory capable of sovereign appropriation. This is further confirmed by examining state practice relating to artificial islands. The Article argues that artificial islands can be considered territory if they meet certain criteria: albeit territory not generating a territorial sea. Understanding artificial islands as capable of constituting territory allows for a more comprehensive and consistent positioning of such islands in regards to other general international law doctrines. The Article demonstrates this through the application of the doctrine of the unlawful acquisition of territory to artificial islands.