Suchergebnisse

Party systems have existed since 1789, with all credit to Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and Thomas Jefferson. The existence of political parties was unsettling to George Washington prior to the creation of them, predicting division within our democracy. The Federalist and Anti-Federalist Parties were the first two parties to exist, which fostered inspiration for the creation of other parties and sub-parties that now exist within the American Party System. Since the creation of party systems, ingenious voting and harmful party loyalty have raised questions regarding whether our democracy and government are divided due to the creation of party systems. What was the purpose of creating different parties? Is there any value in demanding party loyalty? What is needed in order to promote non-biased, policy driven voting?

Abstract The effects of environmental stimulation and parental nurturance on brain development have been studied extensively in animals. Much less is known about the relations between childhood experience and cognitive development in humans. Using a longitudinally collected data set with ecologically valid in‐home measures of childhood experience and later in‐laboratory behavioral measures of cognitive ability, we were able to test hypotheses concerning the effects of environmental stimulation and parental nurturance. A double dissociation was found: On the one hand, there was a selective relation between parental nurturance and memory development, consistent with the animal literature on maternal buffering of stress hormone effects on hippocampal development. On the other hand, there was a selective relation between environmental stimulation and language development. The relevance of these findings to socioeconomic gradients in cognitive ability is discussed.