Suchergebnisse

This article describes the earliest recognition of tirtha in the dharmasastra literature, discusses the earliest associations between tirtha and sraddha, and traces the emergence of Gaya as a sacred place with a particular connection to sraddha as found in the Brahmanical religious literature. I argue that the references to tirthasraddha and Gaya found in the earliest Brahmanical dharma texts represent fledgling efforts by the educated class of brahmins to appropriate and legitimate the ritual practices associated with pilgrimage by incorporating them into their discourse on dharma.

In this paper I bring the history of the Hindu traditions of sraddha and the traditions surrounding Gaya to bear on the history of Gaya and Bodhgaya in order to answer a simple question: Why did the Buddha go to Bodhgaya to achieve enlightenment? The first half of my paper briefly address the textual history of sraddha in the Brahmanical sources from the earliest domestic ritual manuals, the Grhyasutras, to the dharma and Epic literature, where its centrality to the Gaya pilgrimage is commonly accepted. I then examine the Buddhist texts from the same time frame that evidence the practice of sraddha, highlighting the conceptions of ancestor worship shared by both Brahmanical and Buddhist sources. In the second half of my paper I synthesize the history of sraddha and the evidence of the Hindu conception of Gaya and the Buddhist descriptions of Gaya and Uruvela to describe Gaya during the life of the Buddha and reflect upon why the Buddha is said to have gone there to achieve enlightenment. In the end I hope to expand the context within which we study Bodhgaya, problematizing it to some degree, in order to understand why this place attracted the Buddha.

In 2004, the European Union (EU) implemented a pet movement policy (referred to here as the EUPMP) under EU regulation 998/2003. The United Kingdom (UK) was granted a temporary derogation from the policy until December 2011 and instead has in place its own Pet Movement Policy (Pet Travel Scheme (PETS)). A quantitative risk assessment (QRA) was developed to estimate the risk of rabies introduction to the UK under both schemes to quantify any change in the risk of rabies introduction should the UK harmonize with the EU policy. Assuming 100 % compliance with the regulations, moving to the EUPMP was predicted to increase the annual risk of rabies introduction to the UK by approximately 60‐fold, from 7.79 × 10−5 (5.90 × 10−5, 1.06 × 10−4) under the current scheme to 4.79 × 10−3 (4.05 × 10−3, 5.65 × 10−3) under the EUPMP. This corresponds to a decrease from 13,272 (9,408, 16,940) to 211 (177, 247) years between rabies introductions. The risks associated with both the schemes were predicted to increase when less than 100 % compliance was assumed, with the current scheme of PETS and quarantine being shown to be particularly sensitive to noncompliance. The results of this risk assessment, along with other evidence, formed a scientific evidence base to inform policy decision with respect to companion animal movement.